Tissue-Engineered Constructions in Biophysics, Neurology and Other Fields and Branches of Medicine

Abstract

This paper describes the gangliopexy method, a method for creating a new center of local neurohumoral regulation, based on the formation of new connections discovered between the nervous system and the vascular system. The prospects for the development of this method are studied. At the same time, novel concepts about the cycles of nitric oxide and the superoxide anion radical are introduced. A possible role of these cycles is examined in the protection of cells and the body as a whole against oxidative and nitrosative stress, which develops when (in 5–30% of cases) destructive changes in the displaced ganglion lead to vascular complications and an increased risk of mortality. Mechanisms that can protect nerve cells, prevent the development of destructive changes in these cells and reduce the risk of mortality are also investigated.

Causal Relationship between Physiological and Pathological Processes in the Brain and in the Gastrointestinal Tract: The Brain–Intestine Axis

“…Previously, we analyzed the reasons for the decline in life expectancy and increased mortality in the Soviet Union/Russia from 1962 to 2022 [92][93][94][95][96][97]. Special attention was paid to the last 5 years, from 2017 to 2022 [92,93,[95][96][97][98]. Analysis of the causes and elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the above processes led us to the conclusion that almost all pathological processes occurring under hypoxia or ischemia, inflammatory processes and activation of immune or autoimmune reactions have a common component.…”

“…During this free radical resonance, increased concentrations of • NO and interact with each other at very high rates and end in the formation of highly toxic and highly reactive compounds, • NO 2 , • OH radicals, and peroxynitrites, which again turn into • NO, • NO 2 and • OH radicals, thereby closing the pathogenetic cycle [98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116]. These are reactions that are capable of free radical chain processes that destroy almost all components of cells and subcellular structures.…”

“…We consider the following conclusions to be the most significant generalizations: (1) pathology begins with a violation of normal regulatory cycles that maintain basic biochemical and physiological parameters within normal limits; (2) cycles of nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical with heme-containing proteins and antioxidant protection systems do not allow direct interaction of • NO and • O 2 and the formation of nitrogen dioxide ( • NO 2 ) and • OH radicals capable of destroying almost all components of cells and subcellular structures; (3) violation of the above cycles of • NO and • O 2 lead to a transition from the norm to the development of various pathological processes. The pathological processes that developed during the COVID-19 pandemic also turned out to be dependent on oxidative and nitrosative stress [95][96][97][98].…”

“…Analyzing the literature data and the results of our own research, we came to an important conclusion. In many pathological conditions occurring under hypoxia or ischemia, inflammation and activation of immune or autoimmune processes, chemical or free radical resonance is observed [98]. During this free radical resonance, for a short time, elevated concentrations of NO and interact with each other at very high rates with the formation of highly toxic and highly reactive compounds, radicals of NO 2 and OH, as well as peroxynitrites, which again turn into radicals of NO, NO 2 , and OH, thereby closing the pathogenetic cycle.…”

Restoration of the Function of an Organ Disrupted Dueto Rupture of its connections with the Central Nervous System

“…In this area of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering is widely used [2,3]. Tissue engineering is a branch of biotechnology based on the creation of organs and tissues of the human body in the laboratory [4]. Tissue engineering constructs are a biomedical cellular product that consists of cells (cell lines), a biocompatible material, and excipients [4].…”