Tissue Engineering Stratified Scaffolds for Articular Cartilage and Subchondral Bone Defects Repair

Abstract

Due to their good biocompatibility and mechanical integrity, tissue engineering scaffolds have become a principal method of repair and regeneration of osteochondral defects. To improve their intrinsic properties, control their degenerative times, and enhance their cell adhesion and differentiation, numerous scaffold architectures and formation methods have been developed and tested, but the ideal scaffold design is still controversial. Moreover, scaffold fixation has a significant influence on repair and regeneration after implantation. The authors analyzed relative studies to address the latest scaffold designs, including biphasic scaffold, multilayered scaffold, and continuous nonstratified scaffold, and this article compares their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the authors introduce a novel modified method for scaffold fixation known as magnetic fixation. Both stratified and nonstratified scaffolds can repair osteochondral defects, but continuous nonstratified scaffolds are more biomimetic compared with the native osteochondral structures, and they lead to a better regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage and structured bone tissue. Therefore, the authors suggest continuous nonstratified scaffolds are an effective option for treating osteochondral defects.

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Technologies in the Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects

“…Описанная ситуация явилась движущей силой многочисленных исследований по разработке но-вых подходов к лечению дефектов хрящевых тка-ней, основанных на использовании технологий тка-невой инженерии и регенеративной медицины [5].…”

Repairing rabbit radial defects by combining bone marrow stroma stem cells with bone scaffold material comprising a core-cladding structure

“…An appropriate amount of culture solution was extracted with a 2-mL syringe to repeatedly wash the marrow cavities of the long bones. The rat bone marrow cells were cultured and passaged according to the procedure described in the literature (Liu et al, 2013).…”

Evaluation of bone matrix gelatin/fibrin glue and chitosan/gelatin composite scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering

“…A key component of tissue engineering is the use of appropriate biocompatible scaffolds (He et al, 2014), which provide physical support for the adhesion, migration, and differentiation of seeded cells. Numerous scaffolds have been developed and tested in cartilage tissue engineering (Liu et al, 2013;He et al, 2014;Makris et al, 2015). However, no standard or ideal scaffold is currently available for tissue regeneration.…”