Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Penetration into the Skin and Effects on HaCaT Cells

Crosera, Matteo; Prodi, Andrea; Mauro, Marcella; Pelin, Marco; Florio, Chiara; Bellomo, Francesca; Adami, Gianpiero; Apostoli, Pietro; Palma, Giuseppe De; Bovenzi, Massimo; Campanini, Marco; Filon, Francesca Larese

doi:10.3390/ijerph120809282

Cited by 105 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The results obtained were similar to the previous work done on three mammalian cells with 11 metal oxides using MTT assay [19]. They concluded that TNP 18.39 nm and ZNP 21.68 nm were produced cytotoxicity, cell viability reduction 50 % and induced membrane damage at concentrations greater than10 µg/ml of the exposure time 48 h [20,21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Titanium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Human Cell Lines

Gandamalla

Lingabathula

Yellu

2017

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci

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Objective: In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of titanium dioxide, 20 nm (TNP 20) and zinc oxide, 20 nm (ZNP 20) nanoparticles (NP) were tested on different types of human skin (HaCat), lung (A549), liver (Hep G2) and colon (Caco-2) cell cultures in relevance to human risk assessment Methods:The different concentrations of test TNP 20 and ZNP 20 1-300 µg/ml were exposed to determine the cell viability reduction on four human cell lines after 48 h post exposure using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The mitochondrial membrane activities of the viable cells were determined with intensity of formazon formation by interpreting ELISA absorbance values at 470 nm. Results:The percent of cytotoxicity was determined by comparing percentage of cell viability reduction of test with that of control. The ZNP 20 produced higher cytotoxicity at the doses 100 (p<0.05) and 300 (p<0.001) µg/ml significantly on tested four human skin (HaCaT), lung (A549), liver (Hep G2) and colon (Caco-2) cells compared to TNP 20. The tested NP induced lesser cytotoxicity at lower concentrations with 1 and 3µg/ml in all the tested four cell lines. The induced cytotoxicity was an indicator for increased intracellular reactive oxygen species which further cause's major cell damage and cell death. Conclusion:The tested NP were induced greater cytotoxicity in the colon, Liver, lung and skin cells at higher concentrations 100 and 300 µg/ml significantly. The cytotoxicity order of TNP 20 and ZNP 20 at the highest dose (300µg/ml) were concluded as Caco-2>Hep G2>A549>HaCaT for 48 h post exposed cells.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Titanium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Human Cell Lines

Gandamalla

Lingabathula

Yellu

2017

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci

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“…28 However, most researchers believe that TiO 2 NPs from sunscreens did not pose a significant health threat because they do not appear to significantly penetrate the skin. 29,30 Some studies have demonstrated in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of TiO 2 NPs in various cell lines, plants, and brains of mice after oral administration. 31–33 Bioaccumulation, subacute toxicity, and tissue distribution of TiO 2 NPs was exhibited in goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) and C57BL/6 mice.…”

Section: Nanomaterials In Daily Life and Their Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles in Daily Life: Applications, Toxicity and Regulations

Gupta

Xie

2018

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol

415

188

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At nanoscale, man-made materials may show unique properties that differ from bulk and dissolved counterparts. The unique properties of engineered nanomaterials not only impart critical advantages but also confer toxicity because of their unwanted interactions with different biological compartments and cellular processes. In this review, we discuss various entry routes of nanomaterials in the human body, their applications in daily life, and the mechanisms underlying their toxicity. We further explore the passage of nanomaterials into air, water, and soil ecosystems, resulting in diverse environmental impacts. Briefly, we probe the available strategies for risk assessment and risk management to assist in reducing the occupational risks of potentially hazardous engineered nanomaterials including the control banding (CB) approach. Moreover, we substantiate the need for uniform guidelines for systematic analysis of nanomaterial toxicity, in silico toxicological investigations, and obligation to ensure the safe disposal of nanowaste to reduce or eliminate untoward environmental and health impacts. At the end, we scrutinize global regulatory trends, hurdles, and efforts to develop better regulatory sciences in the field of nanomedicines.

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“…The study by Xie et al ., performed in rats, showed that nano‐TiO 2 did not penetrate the stratum corneum in skin either intact or slightly damaged with 2% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) solution, both in vitro and in vivo . Moreover, in the study by Crosera et al ., performed on human skin in vitro by using static diffusion cells, nano‐TiO 2 was only detected in the epidermis of both healthy and needle‐abraded skin samples after a 24‐h exposure to a sonicated suspension of nano‐TiO 2 (606 μg/cm²; Table ). Of note, in that study, the total amount of nano‐TiO 2 was similar in both healthy and needle‐abraded skin, indicating that lesions did not increase permeation.…”

Section: Absorption and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics

Dréno¹,

Chuberre

et al. 2019

Acad Dermatol Venereol

189

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in a variety of products including cosmetics. TiO2 in its nanoparticle form (nano‐TiO2) is now the only form used as an ultraviolet (UV) filter in sunscreens, but also in some day creams, foundations and lip balms. While its efficacy as a UV filter is proven in the prevention of skin cancers and sunburns, some concerns have been raised about its safety. Indeed, considering its small size, nano‐TiO2 is suspected to penetrate dermal, respiratory or gastrointestinal barriers, disseminate in the body and therefore constitute a potential risk to the consumer. At the skin level, most studies performed in humans or animals showed that nano‐TiO2 did not penetrate beyond the outer layers of stratum corneum to viable cells and did not reach the general circulation, either in healthy or in compromised skin. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) considers nano‐TiO2 as a non‐sensitizer and as mild‐ or non‐irritant to skin and concludes in no evidence of carcinogenicity (supported by the European Chemicals Agency), mutagenicity or reproductive toxicity after dermal exposure to nano‐TiO2. According to the SCCS, nano‐TiO2 from sunscreens does not present any health risk when applied on the skin at a concentration up to 25%. However, the SCCS does not recommend the use of nano‐TiO2 in formulations that may lead to exposure of the consumer's lungs by inhalation (sprayable products and powders). Indeed, even if human data are sparse and inconsistent, lung inflammation was reported in animals. In 2016, the EU Cosmetic Regulation made nano‐TiO2 as an authorized UV filter, except in products that could lead to exposure of the lungs. After oral exposure, nano‐TiO2 absorption and toxicity are limited. The incidental oral exposure to nano‐TiO2 contained in lip balms is thus not expected to induce adverse health effects.

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Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Penetration into the Skin and Effects on HaCaT Cells

Cited by 105 publications

References 50 publications

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Titanium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Human Cell Lines

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Titanium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Human Cell Lines

Nanoparticles in Daily Life: Applications, Toxicity and Regulations

Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics

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