Titanium–Tissue Interface Reaction and Its Control With Surface Treatment

Abstract

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used for medical and dental implant devices—artificial joints, bone fixators, spinal fixators, dental implant, etc. —because they show excellent corrosion resistance and good hard-tissue compatibility (bone formation and bone bonding ability). Osseointegration is the first requirement of the interface structure between titanium and bone tissue. This concept of osseointegration was immediately spread to dental-materials researchers worldwide to show the advantages of titanium as an implant material compared with other metals. Since the concept of osseointegration was developed, the cause of osseointegration has been actively investigated. The surface chemical state, adsorption characteristics of protein, and bone tissue formation process have also been evaluated. To accelerate osseointegration, roughened and porous surfaces are effective. HA and TiO 2 coatings prepared by plasma spray and an electrochemical technique, as well as alkalinization of the surface, are also effective to improve hard-tissue compatibility. Various immobilization techniques for biofunctional molecules have been developed for bone formation and prevention of platelet and bacteria adhesion. These techniques make it possible to apply Ti to a scaffold of tissue engineering. The elucidation of the mechanism of the excellent biocompatibility of Ti can provide a shorter way to develop optimal surfaces. This review should enhance the understanding of the properties and biocompatibility of Ti and highlight the significance of surface treatment.

Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants: A Review

“…Titanium implants usually have their surfaces modified after their initial fabrication in order to ensure that oxidation is uniform and that any contamination is removed [29]. The resulting surfaces have improved biological characteristics, and promote the processes of cell adhesion and proliferation, both of which contribute to bone bonding [30,31].…”

Antibacterial Property and Biocompatibility of Silver, Copper, and Zinc in Titanium Dioxide Layers Incorporated by One-Step Micro-Arc Oxidation: A Review

“…Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are used for devices requiring strength, elongation, and long-term bone bonding in orthopedics, cardiovascular medicine, dentistry, and other applications owing to their high corrosion resistance, specific strength, and tissue compatibility [ 1 ]. Compared with other metals, Ti has the unique property of osseointegration.…”

Can changes in implant macrogeometry accelerate the osseointegration process?: An in vivo experimental biomechanical and histological evaluations

“…Osseointegrated titanium implant is frequently used for rehabilitation of loss organs due different causes, mainly trauma or diseases. It has been shown that titanium has properties that stimulate its interaction with bone tissue [1,2], presenting mechanical characteristics that adequately support the physiological stimuli (loads) received when in masticatory function [3]. Moreover, titanium implants show a good degree of predictability and durability, which are demonstrated by clinical studies [4,5].…”