TMPRSS2 and ACE2 Coexpression in SARS-CoV-2 Salivary Glands Infection

Pascolo, Lorella; Zupin, Luisa; Melato, Mauro; Tricarico, Paola Maura; Crovella, Sérgio

doi:10.1177/0022034520933589

Cited by 53 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…21,22 Saliva has been shown to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in infected individuals, 23,24 many of whom may be asymptomatic, 25 with the salivary gland potentially being an early reservoir of infection. 26,27 Equally, however, preliminary data suggest that in asymptomatic carriers, the viral load may be low in saliva and these individuals may have faster viral clearance. 28,29 Early data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable and infectious in aerosol for hours, and on surfaces for days.…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: Addressing new challenges for oral health care and rehabilitation

Allison

Currie

Edwards

et al. 2020

J of Oral Rehabilitation

107

138

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Background Dental procedures often produce aerosol and splatter which have the potential to transmit pathogens such as SARS‐CoV‐2. The existing literature is limited. Objective(s) To develop a robust, reliable and valid methodology to evaluate distribution and persistence of dental aerosol and splatter, including the evaluation of clinical procedures. Methods Fluorescein was introduced into the irrigation reservoirs of a high‐speed air‐turbine, ultrasonic scaler and 3‐in‐1 spray, and procedures were performed on a mannequin in triplicate. Filter papers were placed in the immediate environment. The impact of dental suction and assistant presence were also evaluated. Samples were analysed using photographic image analysis, and spectrofluorometric analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and Pearson’s correlation for comparison of analytic methods. Results All procedures were aerosol and splatter generating. Contamination was highest closest to the source, remaining high to 1–1.5 m. Contamination was detectable at the maximum distance measured (4 m) for high‐speed air‐turbine with maximum relative fluorescence units (RFU) being: 46,091 at 0.5 m, 3,541 at 1.0 m, and 1,695 at 4 m. There was uneven spatial distribution with highest levels of contamination opposite the operator. Very low levels of contamination (≤0.1% of original) were detected at 30 and 60 minutes post procedure. Suction reduced contamination by 67–75% at 0.5–1.5 m. Mannequin and operator were heavily contaminated. The two analytic methods showed good correlation ( r =0.930, n =244, p <0.001). Conclusion Dental procedures have potential to deposit aerosol and splatter at some distance from the source, being effectively cleared by 30 minutes in our setting.

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Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: Addressing new challenges for oral health care and rehabilitation

Allison

Currie

Edwards

et al. 2020

J of Oral Rehabilitation

107

138

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many dental procedures produce both aerosol and splatter contaminated with saliva and/or blood 20,21 . Saliva has been shown to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in infected individuals 22,23 , many of whom may be asymptomatic 24 , with the salivary gland potentially being an early reservoir of infection 25,26 . Equally, however, preliminary data suggest that in asymptomatic carriers, the viral load may be low in saliva and these individuals may have faster viral clearance 27,28 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: addressing new challenges for oral healthcare and rehabilitation

Allison

Currie

Edwards

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AbstractBackgroundDental procedures often produce aerosol and splatter which are potentially high risk for spreading pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. The existing literature is limited.Objective(s)To develop a robust, reliable and valid methodology to evaluate distribution and persistence of dental aerosol and splatter, including the evaluation of clinical procedures.MethodsFluorescein was introduced into the irrigation reservoirs of a high-speed air-turbine, ultrasonic scaler and 3-in-1 spray and procedures performed on a mannequin in triplicate. Filter papers were placed in the immediate environment. The impact of dental suction and assistant presence were also evaluated. Samples were analysed using photographic image analysis, and spectrofluorometric analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and Pearson’s correlation for comparison of analytic methods.ResultsAll procedures were aerosol and splatter generating. Contamination was highest closest to the source, remaining high to 1-1.5 m. Contamination was detectable at the maximum distance measured (4 m) for high-speed air-turbine with maximum relative fluorescence units (RFU) being: 46,091 at 0.5 m, 3,541 at 1.0 m, and 1,695 at 4 m. There was uneven spatial distribution with highest levels of contamination opposite the operator. Very low levels of contamination (≤0.1% of original) were detected at 30 and 60 minutes post procedure. Suction reduced contamination by 67-75% at 0.5-1.5 m. Mannequin and operator were heavily contaminated. The two analytic methods showed good correlation (r=0.930, n=244, p<0.001).ConclusionDental procedures have potential to deposit aerosol and splatter at some distance from the source, being effectively cleared by 30 minutes in our setting.

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“…Since the oral cavity is one of the first entry points to the body, there is a high potential that this pathway of viral infection and colonization is critical for the onset of COVID-19 [2,9]. Transcriptome data analysis by Song et al showed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were expressed in salivary glands [10]. A previous study has indicated that salivary gland epithelial cells show elevated expression of ACE2 [11].…”

Section: Potential Oral Reservoirs Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential implications of SARS-CoV-2 oral infection in the host microbiota

Xiang

Koo

Chen

et al. 2020

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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The oral cavity, as the entry point to the body, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection that has caused a global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available data indicate that the oral cavity may be an active site of infection and an important reservoir of SARS-CoV-2. Considering that the oral surfaces are colonized by a diverse microbial community, it is likely that viruses have interactions with the host microbiota. Patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 may have alterations in the oral and gut microbiota, while oral species have been found in the lung of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, interactions between the oral, lung, and gut microbiomes appear to occur dynamically whereby a dysbiotic oral microbial community could influence respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can alter the local homeostasis of the resident microbiota, actively cause dysbiosis, or influence cross-body sites interactions. Here, we provide a conceptual framework on the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 oral infection on the local and distant microbiomes across the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts ('oral-tract axes'), which remains largely unexplored. Studies in this area could further elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and the course of infection as well as the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 across different sites in the human host.

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TMPRSS2 and ACE2 Coexpression in SARS-CoV-2 Salivary Glands Infection

Cited by 53 publications

References 4 publications

Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: Addressing new challenges for oral health care and rehabilitation

Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: Addressing new challenges for oral health care and rehabilitation

Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: addressing new challenges for oral healthcare and rehabilitation

Potential implications of SARS-CoV-2 oral infection in the host microbiota

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