To Be, to Do, to Share: The Triple-Loop of Water Governance to Improve Urban Water Resilience—Testing the Benidorm’ Experience, Spain

Ricart, Sandra; Amorós, Antonio M. Rico

doi:10.3390/land11010121

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Consequently, we suggest that the combination of stakeholders' engagement, social learning, and hydrosocial research should be the starting point of a triple-loop analysis to: (i) identify differences in stakeholders' perception and behavior regarding water system management; (ii) raise awareness of synergies and trade-offs regarding water system management; and (iii) resolve potential conflicts by reconsidering future values on relevance and representativeness ("to be"), recognition ("to do"), and collaboration ("to share") among stakeholders (Ricart and Rico-Amorós, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrosocial research for better understanding, managing, and modeling human-nature interactions

Ricart¹,

Kirk²

2022

Front. Water

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrosocial research for better understanding, managing, and modeling human-nature interactions

Ricart¹,

Kirk²

2022

Front. Water

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“…These ideas have been reinforced by the LDN, which appeals to existing spatial planning to achieve its objectives. For effective governance to develop, it is necessary to identify the water stakeholders in a planning area and understanding their interests to reconcile the water planning solutions needed at any given time (Uche et al 2015;Mohammadinezhad and Ahmadvand 2020;Ricart and Rico-Amorós 2022). Such mechanisms are lacking in less developed countries, where water becomes an object of domination and generates situations of conflict over its control (Nasr and Bachta 2018).…”

Section: Water Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Policy Mixes are Needed to Cope with Agricultural Water Demands Under Climate Change

Martínez‐Valderrama

Cantos

Delacámara

et al. 2023

Water Resour Manage

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The divergence between agricultural water use and the annual supply of water resources (water gap) has been increasing for decades. The forecast is that this water gap will continue to widen, compromising the water security of a large share of the global population. On the one hand, the increase in demand is attributed to an ever-growing population that, in addition, is adopting a high-water consumption per capita lifestyle (e.g., meat-rich diet, increased use of biofuels and of irrigated agriculture). On the other hand, climate change is increasing aridification and the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of precipitation worldwide. The water gap is particularly acute in drylands, where development and food security has been based on the massive exploitation of water resources, particularly groundwater. Here we analyze the mechanisms underlying this water gap, which is mainly driven by water use in agriculture, and suggest suitable solutions that can help to close it. Using causal diagrams, we show how population generates different demands that create a water gap that prevailing supply-side solutions cannot close. Indeed, it has been widening over the years because water consumption has grown exponentially. This behaviour is explained by a series of mechanisms that it is necessary to understand to realize the complexity of water scarcity problems. For solving the water gap, we propose and exemplify eight lines of action that can be combined and tailored to each territory. Our analyses corroborate the urgent need to plan an integral management of water resources to avoid widespread scenarios of water scarcity under future climatic conditions.

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“…As conflict analysis always requires valuable and practical tools to clarify the nature of the conflict and the behavior of stakeholders (Zanjanian et al, 2022), we provide a primary and replicable tool (questionnaire) able to synthesize the attitudes and interactions of stakeholders by highlighting five behavioral issues: relevance, representativeness, recognition, assessment, and collaboration. They aim to better understand stakeholders' roles and relationships and simplify how their perception and interaction could be tested in hydrosocial territories (Ricart and Rico-Amoroś, 2022). Furthermore, these issues are combined to configure a triple-loop approach (to be, to do, to share) based on mutual understanding and recognition of stakeholders, through which analyze stakeholders' performance (to be represented and to do actions) and collaboration predisposition (to share knowledge).…”

Section: Complementing the Hsc Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach can be seen as a tentative and intuitive road from theory (loop one) to practice (loop two) in a mutual understanding framework (loop three). More details on behavior patterns and the triple-loop approach are included in previous research (Ricart and Rico-Amoroś, 2022).…”

Section: Complementing the Hsc Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing the Hydrosocial Cycle to foster water governance and stakeholders’ interdependence in urban agroecosystems: a local test in Benidorm, Spain

Ricart¹,

Villar²,

Hernández-Hernández³

et al. 2023

Front. Agron.

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The Hydrosocial Cycle (HSC) has been widely applied and discussed as a consolidated research line to rethink the contemporary challenges that condition the urban and agroecosystem nexus. However, additional research directions are still open to guide policy and decision-makers in reinforcing stakeholders’ engagement and interaction to resolve tensions between water demands. This perspective paper suggests updating the HSC approach to improve the analysis of stakeholder interaction when addressing water scarcity in waterscapes. After briefly review the most relevant contributions of the HSC approach in the last two decades, we develop a preliminary framework to reinforce stakeholders’ interdependence analysis by designing a questionnaire to synthesize five main behavioral patterns conditioning stakeholders’ interactions: relevance, representativeness, recognition, assessment, and collaboration. Then, each pattern is organized in a triple-loop approach: to be, to do, and to share to characterize the mutual (mis)understanding of the stakeholders. The results of its application to Benidorm (south of Spain), a mass-tourism destination coexisting with rural development in tension for water supply, exemplified how 1) most stakeholders consider themselves important, but some of them are unaware of the role of others, 2) all stakeholders receive a higher punctuation in terms of functions rather than actions, and 3) all stakeholders agree on the benefits of the predisposition of parties (willingness) to achieve agreements in the short or medium term. Future research should consider how to address the lack of representativeness and power imbalance together with mechanisms to reinforce longitudinal studies in which actions from stakeholders could be contrasted.

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To Be, to Do, to Share: The Triple-Loop of Water Governance to Improve Urban Water Resilience—Testing the Benidorm’ Experience, Spain

Cited by 7 publications

References 85 publications

Hydrosocial research for better understanding, managing, and modeling human-nature interactions

Hydrosocial research for better understanding, managing, and modeling human-nature interactions

Complex Policy Mixes are Needed to Cope with Agricultural Water Demands Under Climate Change

Reinforcing the Hydrosocial Cycle to foster water governance and stakeholders’ interdependence in urban agroecosystems: a local test in Benidorm, Spain

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