To Study the Effect of Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle on ECG & Blood Pressure in Healthy Young Adult Females

Sex Differences in the Physiological Network of Healthy Young Subjects

“…(B) Changes in the time series variability and statistical distribution moments of physiological variables along the menstrual cycle. ↑ SBP ( Choudhury et al, 2010 ), ↑ DBP (RSBP) ( Lutsenko and Kovalenko, 2017 ), ↑ DBP LF/HF HR ratio ( Bai et al, 2009 ), ↑ HR ( Choudhury et al, 2010 ; Tenan et al, 2014 ; Lutsenko and Kovalenko, 2017 ; Shilaih et al, 2017 ), ↑ Breaths per minute ( Tenan et al, 2014 ), ↑ Ventilation ( Slatkovska et al, 2006 ; Girija and Veeraiah, 2011 ), ↑ Body basal temperature ( Buxton and Atkinson, 1948 ; Lundy et al, 1974 ; Zuspan and Rao, 1974 ), ↑ Sympathetic activity ( Yildirir et al, 2002 ; Vallejo et al, 2005 ; McKinley et al, 2009 ; Rawal et al, 2015 ; Yazar and Yazıcı, 2016), ↓ Sympathetic activity ( Chung and Yang, 2011 ; Tenan et al, 2014 ), ↑ NK cells CD3– CD56+ percentage ( Lee et al, 2010 ), ↑ Leptin (ug/L) (mean) 2.74 ( Faustmann et al, 2016 ), ↓ Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ( Barnett et al, 2004 ), ↑ High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ( Barnett et al, 2004 ), ↑ HR ( de Zambotti et al, 2013 ; Tenan et al, 2014 ), ↑ HRV ( Rawal et al, 2015 ), ↑ HR (RPP) ( Moran et al, 2000 ), ↓ HR-high frequency ratio LF/HF ( Chung and Yang, 2011 ), ↓ HR ( McKinley et al, 2009 ), ↓ Respiratory rate ( McKinley et al, 2009 ), ↑ Sympathetic activity ( Weissman et al, 2009 ), ↑ Parasym pathetic activity ( Brar et al, 2015 ), ↑ Dendritic cells ratio CD1c+ ( Darmochwal-Kolarz et al, 2003 ), ↑ T cells CD3+ CD4+ percentage ( Lee et al, 2010 ), ↑ SBP ( Moran et al, 2000 ), ↑ DBP Das et al, 2019 ), ↑ RHR ( Moran et al, 2000 ), ↑ Parasym pathetic activity ( Das et al, 2019 ), ↑ SBP ( Das et al, 2019 ), ↑ DBP ( Das et al, 2019 ), ↑ Sympathetic activity ( Das et al, 2019 ), ↑ SBP ( Dunne et al, 1991 ), ↑ DBP ( Dunne et al, 1991 ), and ↑ HR ( K...…”

Awareness of Blood Pressure Changes during Menstrual Cycle

“…Menstruation alongside periodic bleeding from the blood vessels at the time of the uterine mucosa shedding features a direct reference to the ECG and vital sign changes during different phases of a women's cycle [10,11]. Variations in vital sign at different phases of cycle is caused by many reasons one among them being the effect of ovarian hormone on cardiovascular function, [12] however the hormonal changes follow a nonlinear pattern throughout the cycle it's hit or miss or non standard effect on the women's blood pressure [6,9,13]. Heart rate variations analysis has been extensively done to examine the mechanism involved in autonomic control of the guts [14] .…”

“…Gonadotropic hormones are known to affect this balance [16]. Guastic et al, sato et al, and et al suggested an enhanced sympathetic activity within the luteal compared to the follicular phase of a woman's cycle [17] the above mentioned points bring us to the conclusion that there are certain affirmative changes within the pulse variation during different phases of the cycle [6,9,13,18]. If vital signs change cyclically it can warrant a rise or decrease within the dose of the antihypertensive medication in hypertensive women of reproductive age bracket [19].…”

“…Estrogen has beneficial effects on (cardiovascular system) by decreasing LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol protest on blood vessels causing vasodilation through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase [20] Menstruation is merely one manifestation of the ovarian cycle which is itself related to quite 200 physical and psychological and behavioural changes [21]. The cycle is an integral part of a serious portion of a woman's life ovarian hormones major portion of a woman's life [10,13] ovarian hormones alteration along the cycle are related to corresponding significant changes in multiple neurohormonal homeostatic mechanisms regulating the circulatory system. [22] Gonadal hormones influence the circulatory system both directly and indirectly [23].…”

“…Ventricular arrhythmias are more common in women and appear to be related to cycle and also exhibit variations in reference to the cycle [23,24]. variety of research articles have thrown light o the influence of cycle on heart and respiration [13] A study examining vital sign and pulse responses to a mental arithmetic task during a sample of 16 regularly menstruating women during the follicular and secretory phase of their cycle the findings said that hormonal variations characteristic of the luteal and follicular phases don't assert an influence on common and assessment of cardiovascular stress reactivity [15]. Gonadal hormones not only influence the reproductive function but also oestrogen and progesterone a marked effect on the circulatory system some behavioural and neurological symptoms like headache, painful enlargement of breast, weight gain, increased vital sign, decreased concentration, nervous irritability emotional instability poor judgement depression tension are seen in women during premenstrual phase [22].…”