Tocopherol and tocotrienol accumulation during development of caryopses from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Falk, Jon; Krahnstöver, Alice; Kooij, T.A.W. Van der; Schlensog, M.; Krupinska, Karin

doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.08.047

Cited by 75 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…An analogy is observed between the accumulation of tocotrienols in grains of the monocotyledonous H. vulgare L. (Poaceae) [9] and the dicotyledonous V. vinifera L results presented here. Seemingly, H. vulgare L. shows tocotrienol formation starting with seed formation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Accumulation of tocopherols and tocotrienols during seed development of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albert Lavallée)

Horváth

Wessjohann

Bigirimana

et al. 2006

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

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Tocopherols and tocotrienols are present in mature seeds. Yet, little is known about the physiological role and the metabolism of these compounds during seed development. Here we present data on tocopherol and tocotrienol accumulation during seed development in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albert Lavallée (Royal). This species was chosen for its ability to synthesize both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is shown here for the first time that during seed development there are significant differences in localization and accumulation kinetics of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Tocopherols are found homogeneously dispersed throughout all tissues of the seed, in concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 μg tocopherol per g dry weight. Tocopherol levels decrease gradually during seed development. In contrast, tocotrienols are only found in the endosperm of the seeds, accumulating in a sigmoid fashion during the maturation period of seed development. Tocotrienol levels were found to be (54 ± 7.4) μg/g dry seed in 90-day-old seeds of V. vinifera L. Furthermore, tocotrienol biosynthesis is demonstrated in these seeds during tocotrienol accumulation and in an endosperm fraction isolated at 75 days after flowering.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Accumulation of tocopherols and tocotrienols during seed development of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albert Lavallée)

Horváth

Wessjohann

Bigirimana

et al. 2006

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

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“…This Toc was concentrated in the uppermost part of the central axes, rachillas and glumes other than the caryopses. Falk et al (2004) reported that T3 occurred in the caryopsis of two tested barley cultivars at the first sampling date, ten days after anthesis. Our result for the first occurrence of T3 agreed with theirs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Falk et al (2004) revealed the temporal and spatial accumulation of eight tocochromanol forms during the development of barley caryopsis and suggested their various functions in germ, pericarp and endosperm. Yamazaki et al (1997) showed that virtually all tocochromanols were distributed around the seed coat and that T3 were more prevalent than Toc in the grain of malting barley.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Temporal Changes in Tocochromanols in Leaves and Spikes of Barley Cultivars During the Development of the Caryopsis

Sato

Kimura

Morita

2015

JARQ

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Temporal changes in tocochromanols during the development of caryopsis in two barley cultivars, 'Fiber-Snow' and 'Musashibo', were determined. Alpha-tocopherol (Toc) in leaves dominated among eight tocochromanol isomers in the leaves and spikes of both cultivars; suggesting that the tocochromanol content of the barley plant as a whole may be affected by the α-Toc content in leaves. The pattern of temporal changes in leaf Toc content also differed between the cultivars. Leaf Toc content increased strikingly after anthesis in 'Fiber-Snow', whereas no conspicuous increase was observed in 'Musashibo'. Toc content was also significantly higher in 'Fiber-Snow' than in 'Musashibo' during the milky and dough stages. Tocotorienols (T3) were exclusively present in the spikes. They occurred around ten days after anthesis, peaking after the milky stage, whereas Toc had already accumulated at the first heading date. Alpha-T3 was the dominant form of the T3s, the accumulation of which preceded those of the β-and γ-forms in both cultivars. Our findings revealed that the Toc content of the whole barley plant might remain high throughout caryopsis development, decreasing only toward the end and that T3 occurred after the mid-stage of the development. These results indicate that the current conventional harvest time for forage barley is appropriate, as farmers harvesting during caryopsis development will produce forage containing considerable tocochromanol.

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“…Both genotype and environment affect total tocol content (Cavarello et al, 2004). Specific forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols accumulate with different kinetics during barley grain development (Falk et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Energy and Macronutrient Intake on Cognitive Function Through the Lifespan

Gibson¹

2013

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences

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INTRODUCTIONThis review will briefly consider the impact on cognitive development and function, of variation in intake (insufficient or excessive) of the macronutrients, protein, carbohydrate and fat, and, where its effects can be separated, energy, over the human lifespan. For each macronutrient, attention will be paid to what is known about the role of specific forms for cognition and brain function. This review is mainly concerned with evidence in human beings, and emphasis is placed on highlighting current understanding of the evidence, rather than an extensive review of the literature.All the macronutrients can provide energy, albeit with differing priorities and target organs, as well as carbon for structural functions, and many forms are fundamental to cellular processes governing growth, signalling and survival (Mann and Truswell, 2012). For the brain specifically, carbohydrates provide glucose as the primary energy source, amino acids in proteins provide the precursors for synthesis of neurotransmitters and create their receptors, while fatty acids provide the structural basis of neuronal cell membranes. These properties point to ways in which macronutrient intake may be crucial for optimal brain function.Firstly, the importance of adequate intake of energy and protein, both for the pregnant mother and thus the intrauterine nutritional environment for the foetus, and for the neonate and infant child, will be considered. Breastfeeding will briefly be compared to formula feeding, as the quantity and quality of fats and protein may have implications for cognitive development.Next, the review will discuss evidence for the benefits of breakfast, and other meal types, for cognitive function in school children, adolescents and adults, comparing effects of different forms of breakfast, including the nature of the carbohydrates and the glycaemic index of the meal. For adolescents and adults, there is extensive literature on the effects of glucose loads on cognition, particularly memory and attention: this literature will be summarised, and the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence, and its implications, discussed.PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 67 (2013), No. 4/5 (685/686), pp. 303-314. DOI: 10.2478/prolas-2013 EFFECTS OF ENERGY AND MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION THROUGH THE LIFESPAN Edward Leigh GibsonDepartment of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK l.gibson@roehampton.ac.uk Communicated by Valdis PîrâgsThis paper reviews effects of both insufficient and excessive energy and macronutrient intake on cognition over the lifespan, including the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, and adulthood. In the brain, the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to both protein malnutrition and energy undernutrition in utero or infancy, resulting in impaired neurogenesis and deficits in memory and spatial learning, reduced anxiety and increased impulsivity, reflected in impairments of neurotransmitter systems. Conversely, higher protein intake is associated with i...

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Tocopherol and tocotrienol accumulation during development of caryopses from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Cited by 75 publications

References 25 publications

Accumulation of tocopherols and tocotrienols during seed development of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albert Lavallée)

Accumulation of tocopherols and tocotrienols during seed development of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albert Lavallée)

Temporal Changes in Tocochromanols in Leaves and Spikes of Barley Cultivars During the Development of the Caryopsis

Effects of Energy and Macronutrient Intake on Cognitive Function Through the Lifespan

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