TOFPET 2: A high-performance circuit for PET time-of-flight

Francesco, A. Di; Bugalho, R.; Oliveira, Luís B.; Rivetti, A.; Rolo, Manuel; Silva, José C.; Varela, J.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.11.036

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…An interesting concept is to use a balun tranformer to adapt the balanced SiPM signal to the unbalanced input of the amplifier(Cates et al 2018) which gives the additional advantage of suppressing common ground noise effectively, similar to a differential readout of the SiPM, e.g. as in the PETA chip or NINO ASIC(Anghinolfi et al 2004).Examples of ASICS using a current readout approach are the NINO ASIC(Powolny et al 2011, Anghinolfi et al 2004, STiC3(Stankova et al 2015), FlexTOT(Comerma et al 2013, Sarasola et al 2017 and TOFPET2(Francesco et al 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

The silicon photomultiplier: fundamentals and applications of a modern solid-state photon detector

2020

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The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is an established device of choice for a variety of applications, e.g. in time of flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET), lifetime fluorescence spectroscopy, distance measurements in LIDAR applications, astrophysics, quantum-cryptography and related applications as well as in high energy physics (HEP).To fully utilize the exceptional performances of the SiPM, in particular its sensitivity down to single photon detection, the dynamic range and its intrinsically fast timing properties, a qualitative description and understanding of the main SiPM parameters and properties is necessary. These analyses consider the structure and the electrical model of a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) and the integration in an array of SPADs, i.e. the SiPM. The discussion will include the front-end readout and the comparison between analog-SiPMs, where the array of SPADs is connected in parallel, and the digital SiPM, where each SPAD is read out and digitized by its own electronic channel.For several applications a further complete phenomenological view on SiPMs is necessary, defining several SiPM intrinsic parameters, i.e. gain fluctuation, afterpulsing, excess noise, dark count rate, prompt and delayed optical crosstalk, single photon time resolution (SPTR), photon detection effieciency (PDE) etc. These qualities of SiPMs influence directly and indirectly the time and energy resolution, for example in PET and HEP. This complete overview of all parameters allows one to draw solid conclusions on how best performances can be achieved for the various needs of the different applications.

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confidence: 99%

The silicon photomultiplier: fundamentals and applications of a modern solid-state photon detector

2020

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“…10). In total, 320 SiPM channels are biased and readout by means of front-end and processing PETsys TOFPET2 ASIC electronics 56 . In…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards machine learning aided real-time range imaging in proton therapy

Lerendegui-Marco¹,

Balibrea-Correa²,

Babiano-Súarez³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Compton imaging represents a promising technique for range verification in proton therapy treatments. In this work, we report on the advantageous aspects of the i-TED detector for proton-range monitoring, based on the results of the first Monte Carlo study of its applicability to this field. i-TED is an array of Compton cameras, that have been specifically designed for neutron-capture nuclear physics experiments, which are characterized by γ-ray energies spanning up to 5-6 MeV, rather low γ-ray emission yields and very intense neutron induced γ-ray backgrounds. Our developments to cope with these three aspects are concomitant with those required in the field of hadron therapy, especially in terms of high efficiency for real-time monitoring, low sensitivity to neutron backgrounds and reliable performance at the high γ-ray energies. We find that signal-to-background ratios can be appreciably improved with i-TED thanks to its light-weight design and the low neutron-capture cross sections of its LaCl 3 crystals, when compared to other similar systems based on LYSO, CdZnTe or LaBr 3 . Its high time-resolution (CRT∼500 ps) represents an additional advantage for background suppression when operated in pulsed HT mode. Each i-TED Compton module features two detection planes of very large LaCl 3 monolithic crystals, thereby achieving a high efficiency in coincidence of 0.2% for a point-like 1 MeV γ-ray source at 5 cm distance. This leads to sufficient statistics for reliable image reconstruction with an array of four i-TED detectors assuming clinical intensities of 10 8 protons per treatment point. The use of a two-plane design instead of three-planes has been preferred owing to the higher attainable efficiency for double time-coincidences than for threefold events. The loss of full-energy events for high energy γ-rays is compensated by means of Machine-Learning based algorithms, which allow one to enhance the signal-to-total ratio up to a factor of 2.

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“…In order to instrument the full array, about 1280 readout channels will be required. The SiPM signals are acquired using ASIC-based frontend readout electronics that have been developed by PETsys Electronics [39] for medical applications. The suitability of this readout approach for i-TED resides on its scalability and on the fact that it provides both energy (QDC) and time information with good resolution [36,38].…”

Section: Current Efforts: γ-Ray Vision For Background Discriminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and new concepts for neutron-capture measurements of astrophysical interest

Domingo-Pardo,

Babiano-Suarez,

Balibrea-Correa

et al. 2019

Preprint

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TOFPET 2: A high-performance circuit for PET time-of-flight

Cited by 35 publications

References 5 publications

The silicon photomultiplier: fundamentals and applications of a modern solid-state photon detector

The silicon photomultiplier: fundamentals and applications of a modern solid-state photon detector

Towards machine learning aided real-time range imaging in proton therapy

Review and new concepts for neutron-capture measurements of astrophysical interest

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