Tolerance to Plant Pathogens: Theory and Experimental Evidence

Pagán, Israel; García‐Arenal, Fernando

doi:10.3390/ijms19030810

Cited by 112 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(182 reference statements)

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“…Therefore we propose that the Ma response to PVY C -to infection could be another documented case of tolerance to virus infection. Plant tolerance to pathogens has been recently re-evaluated as "a mitigation of the impact of virus infection irrespective of the pathogen load" 58,60,61 or, in other words, the ability to sustain a significant virus load without any severe effect, on plant growth, yield or reproduction 58 . Indeed results of our time-course analysis clearly showed that Ma plants supported the accumulation of viral RNA to high levels at 14 dpi without showing severe disease symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grafting alters tomato transcriptome and enhances tolerance to an airborne virus infection

Spanò

Ferrara

Montemurro

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Grafting of commercial tomato varieties and hybrids on the tomato ecotype Manduria resulted in high levels of tolerance to the infection of Sw5 resistance-breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt virus and of severe cucumber mosaic virus strains supporting hypervirulent satellite RNAs that co-determine stunting and necrotic phenotypes in tomato. To decipher the basis of such tolerance, here we used a RNAseq analysis to study the transcriptome profiles of the Manduria ecotype and of the susceptible variety UC82, and of their graft combinations, exposed or not to infection of the potato virus Y recombinant strain PVY c-to. The analysis identified graft-and virus-responsive mRNAs differentially expressed in UC82 and Manduria, which led to an overall suitable level of tolerance to viral infection confirmed by the appearance of a recovery phenotype in Manduria and in all graft combinations. The transcriptome analysis suggested that graft wounding and viral infection had diverging effects on tomato transcriptome and that the Manduria ecotype was less responsive than the UC82 to both graft wounding and potyviral infection. We propose that the differential response to the two types of stress could account for the tolerance to viral infection observed in the Manduria ecotype as well as in the susceptible tomato variety UC82 self-grafted or grafted on the Manduria ecotype.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grafting alters tomato transcriptome and enhances tolerance to an airborne virus infection

Spanò

Ferrara

Montemurro

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Tolerance to biotic stresses caused by pathogens, including viruses, is well-documented in plants ( Rausher , 2001 ; Pagan and Garcia-Arenal, 2018 ). Tolerance has been defined as a mitigation of the impact of virus infection irrespective of the pathogen load ( Cooper and Jones, 1983 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In agricultural settings, tolerance is often effective against a larger spectrum of isolates compared to resistance ( Korbecka-Glinka et al, 2017 ). Because viruses are allowed to persist, the selection pressure for emergence of virulent strains is also reduced in tolerant cultivars compared to resistant cultivars ( Rausher, 2001 ; Pagan and Garcia-Arenal, 2018 ). Thus, tolerance can be considered as an evolutionary stable defense response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection

Paudel

Sanfaçon

2018

Front. Plant Sci.

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Tolerance is defined as an interaction in which viruses accumulate to some degree without causing significant loss of vigor or fitness to their hosts. Tolerance can be described as a stable equilibrium between the virus and its host, an interaction in which each partner not only accommodate trade-offs for survival but also receive some benefits (e.g., protection of the plant against super-infection by virulent viruses; virus invasion of meristem tissues allowing vertical transmission). This equilibrium, which would be associated with little selective pressure for the emergence of severe viral strains, is common in wild ecosystems and has important implications for the management of viral diseases in the field. Plant viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that divert the host cellular machinery to complete their infection cycle. Highjacking/modification of plant factors can affect plant vigor and fitness. In addition, the toxic effects of viral proteins and the deployment of plant defense responses contribute to the induction of symptoms ranging in severity from tissue discoloration to malformation or tissue necrosis. The impact of viral infection is also influenced by the virulence of the specific virus strain (or strains for mixed infections), the host genotype and environmental conditions. Although plant resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation or movement have received much attention, molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance are less well-understood. We review the experimental evidence that supports the concept that tolerance can be achieved by reaching the proper balance between plant defense responses and virus counter-defenses. We also discuss plant translation repression mechanisms, plant protein degradation or modification pathways and viral self-attenuation strategies that regulate the accumulation or activity of viral proteins to mitigate their impact on the host. Finally, we discuss current progress and future opportunities toward the application of various tolerance mechanisms in the field.

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“…It has been suggested that compensation for damage caused by herbivory or pathogen infection could consist of several factors. These include increased chlorophyll concentrations, increased nutrient uptake, increased use of stored resources, delayed flowering and senescence, increased size or number of tissues such as leaves, modified phytohormone balance and altered resource allocation patterns between roots and shoots, or between growth and reproduction (Koch et al, 2016;Mitchell et al, 2016;Pagán & García-Arenal, 2018;Peterson et al, 2017;Strauss & Agrawal, 1999;Tiffin, 2000). In S. nigrum, herbivory was shown to lead to down-regulation of the hormone system and a subsequent increase in root allocation, which may favor competition with other plants following herbivory (Schmidt & Baldwin, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study of tolerance to pests and pathogens is complicated by the difficulty of defining and quantifying tolerance (Peterson et al, 2017;Stowe et al, 2000). For example, while tolerance to infection by pathogens has been identified in a number of study species and crops (Kover & Schaal, 2002;Parker, Welham, Paveley, Foulkes, & Scott, 2004;Politowski & Browning, 1978;Simms & Triplett, 1994; see also review by Pagán & García-Arenal, 2018), the definitions used for tolerance to infection are often inconsistent (Bingham & Newton, 2009;Castro & Simón, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance and overcompensation to infection by Phytophthora infestans in the wild perennial climber Solanum dulcamara

Masini

Grenville‐Briggs

Andréasson

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Studies of infection by Phytophthora infestans —the causal agent of potato late blight—in wild species can provide novel insights into plant defense responses, and indicate how wild plants might be influenced by recurrent epidemics in agricultural fields. In the present study, our aim was to investigate if different clones of Solanum dulcamara (a relative of potato) collected in the wild differ in resistance and tolerance to infection by a common European isolate of P. infestans . We performed infection experiments with six S. dulcamara genotypes (clones) both in the laboratory and in the field and measured the degree of infection and plant performance traits. In the laboratory, the six evaluated genotypes varied from resistant to susceptible, as measured by degree of infection 20 days post infection. Two of the four genotypes susceptible to infection showed a quadratic (concave downward) relationship between the degree of infection and shoot length, with maximum shoot length at intermediate values of infection. This result suggests overcompensation, that is, an increase in growth in infected individuals. The number of leaves decreased with increasing degree of infection, but at different rates in the four susceptible genotypes, indicating genetic variation for tolerance. In the field, the inoculated genotypes did not show any disease symptoms, but plant biomass at the end of the growing season was higher for inoculated plants than for controls, in‐line with the overcompensation detected in the laboratory. We conclude that in S. dulcamara there are indications of genetic variation for both resistance and tolerance to P. infestans infection. Moreover, some genotypes displayed overcompensation. Learning about plant tolerance and overcompensation to infection by pathogens can help broaden our understanding of plant defense in natural populations and help develop more sustainable plant protection strategies for economically important crop diseases.

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Tolerance to Plant Pathogens: Theory and Experimental Evidence

Cited by 112 publications

References 111 publications

Grafting alters tomato transcriptome and enhances tolerance to an airborne virus infection

Grafting alters tomato transcriptome and enhances tolerance to an airborne virus infection

Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection

Tolerance and overcompensation to infection by Phytophthora infestans in the wild perennial climber Solanum dulcamara

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