2021
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168415
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Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell-Based Approaches in Autoimmunity

Abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) dictate the outcomes of tissue-specific immune responses. In the context of autoimmune diseases, DCs instruct T cells to respond to antigens (Ags), including self-Ags, leading to organ damage, or to becoming regulatory T cells (Tregs) promoting and perpetuating immune tolerance. DCs can acquire tolerogenic properties in vitro and in vivo in response to several stimuli, a feature that opens the possibility to generate or to target DCs to restore tolerance in autoimmune settings. We present… Show more

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Cited by 51 publications
(38 citation statements)
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References 167 publications
(186 reference statements)
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“…Vitamin D has been discovered to have an important immune-modulatory function, enhancing the innate and inhibiting the adaptive immune response and acting as an environmental factor facilitating AID development [57,60,[186][187][188]. The optimal vitamin D concentration beneficial for health and preventing the risk of AIDs was declared to be 30-40 ng/mL 25(OH)D [189].…”
Section: Vitamin D Autoimmunity Tuberculosismentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Vitamin D has been discovered to have an important immune-modulatory function, enhancing the innate and inhibiting the adaptive immune response and acting as an environmental factor facilitating AID development [57,60,[186][187][188]. The optimal vitamin D concentration beneficial for health and preventing the risk of AIDs was declared to be 30-40 ng/mL 25(OH)D [189].…”
Section: Vitamin D Autoimmunity Tuberculosismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with AID development such as MS [52,53,57], RA [54][55][56][57], insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [51], and IBD [53,[57][58][59]217] (Table 2). The role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases was reviewed by [57,60,186].…”
Section: Low Concentration Of Vitamin D and Autoimmune Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, PRP6-HO7-treated Mo-DCs also displayed increased endocytosis, reduced CCR7 expression and chemotaxis, and decreased proliferation and IFN-Îł production of co-cultured allogeneic T cells. These outcomes are typical of regulatory or tolerogenic DCs, which hold a semi-mature phenotype characterized by clonal T cell anergy induction and/or metabolic T cell modulation, and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, leading to suppression of effector T cell activity and stimulating the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) ( 46 – 48 ). Interestingly, “PRP6-HO7-reprogrammed” Mo-DCs prevented the upregulation of activation markers, co-stimulatory molecules, and HLA-DR, regardless of the TLR agonist employed, suggesting that PRP6-HO7 is effective against a plethora of PAMPs and DAMPs, modulating common downstream MYD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways ( 49 , 50 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, methods for rapid and reliable large-scale production of DC ex vivo from peripheral blood of patients have been of great academic and clinical interest and multiple clinical studies have been performed as mentioned below. However, difficulties in obtaining DC from the blood in sufficient numbers, high manufacturing costs and comprehensive requirements for GCP-based production have led to advancements for in vivo targeting of per se tolerogenic DC or for induction of tolerogenic phenotypes in vivo, respectively (117)(118)(119). In addition to avoidance of costly ex vivo isolation, these approaches have the advantage of targeting of DC subsets in their natural environment and offer the availability to a broad range of patients because of donor independency (Figure 2).…”
Section: In Vivo Targeting Of DC For Therapeutic Approachesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An alternative strategy for antigen-specific tolerance induction by DC in vivo is the use of antigen-delivering antibodies ( 119 , 120 ). Here, a particular antigen is delivered via antibodies that bind to molecules expressed by DC.…”
Section: Antibody-mediated DC Targeting In Vivomentioning
confidence: 99%