Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression Levels in Breast Carcinoma Correlate with Improved Overall Survival in Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Could Serve as a Prognostic Marker

Singh, Aradhana; Bandyopadhyay, Arghya; Mukherjee, Narendranath; Basu, Anupam

doi:10.1089/gtmb.2020.0170

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…TLR9 can induce inflammation by binding to DNA fragments released from cancer cells killed by chemotherapy. In breast cancer patients that received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, increased OS was correlated with elevated TLR9 expression in cancer cells [145].…”

Section: Tlr8 Maintenance Of Immune Homeostasis By Regulatory T Cells...mentioning

confidence: 94%

Multiple Factors Determine the Oncolytic or Carcinogenic Effects of TLRs Activation in Cancer

Yang,

Jin,

Yeo

et al. 2024

Journal of Immunology Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a germline-encoded protein family. These are pattern recognition receptors. They sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). When this occurs, activation of the NF-ĸB pathway follows. This triggers the innate immune response of the host. The consequent inflammatory cytokine response usually contributes to the elimination of the pathogen. Activation of TLRs also induces an adaptive immune response by a cross-prime mechanism. This mechanism is employed in cancer immunotherapy. Using TLR ligands as adjuvants induces upregulation of costimulatory signals which in turn activates a cytotoxic leukocyte response against cancer cells. However, TLRs are also overexpressed in human cancer cells resulting in increased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. An intracellular adaptor, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) probably mediates this process. MyD88 is intimately involved with all TLRs except TLR3. One consequence of the interaction between a TLR and MyD88 is activation of NF-ĸB. In this context of a variety of proinflammtory cytokines being produced, chronic inflammation may result. Inflammation is an important protective mechanism. However, chronic inflammation is also involved in carcinogenesis. Activation of NF-ĸB inhibits apoptosis and under certain circumstances, tumor cell survival. In this review, the potential therapeutic value of TLRs in immunotherapy and its role in oncogenesis are explored. The emerging use of artificial intelligence is mentioned.

show abstract

Section: Tlr8 Maintenance Of Immune Homeostasis By Regulatory T Cells...mentioning

confidence: 94%

Multiple Factors Determine the Oncolytic or Carcinogenic Effects of TLRs Activation in Cancer

Yang,

Jin,

Yeo

et al. 2024

Journal of Immunology Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Compared with those in normal cells, TLR9 in human BC cell lines had the highest intracellular expression, and its aberrant expression in tumor cells might promote tumor growth and invasion. 301,302 While Singh et al 303 reported increased TLR9 expression in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) according to immunohistochemistry results, an analysis of publicly available datasets revealed that elevated TLR9 expression was associated with increased overall survival in NACT-treated patients. In vitro, triggering TLR9 with a TLR9 agonist (CpG ODN) was found to reduce cell proliferation and alter proinflammatory cytokines, thereby facilitating the inhibition of hormone receptor-positive BC cells (T47D) and triplenegative BC cells (MDA-MB-468).…”

Section: Tlr9mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tlr‐related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll‐like receptors in health and disease

Wang,

Huang,

Zhan

et al. 2024

MedComm

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are inflammatory triggers and belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are central to the regulation of host protective adaptive immune responses. Activation of TLRs in innate immune myeloid cells directs lymphocytes to produce the most appropriate effector responses to eliminate infection and maintain homeostasis of the body's internal environment. Inappropriate TLR stimulation can lead to the development of general autoimmune diseases as well as chronic and acute inflammation, and even cancer. Therefore, TLRs are expected to be targets for therapeutic treatment of inflammation‐related diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections, and human cancers. This review summarizes the recent discoveries in the molecular and structural biology of TLRs. The role of different TLR signaling pathways in inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and even cancers (oral, gastric, breast, colorectal) is highlighted and summarizes new drugs and related clinical treatments in clinical trials, providing an overview of the potential and prospects of TLRs for the treatment of TLR‐related diseases.

show abstract

“…When TLR9 protein expression was visualized in breast tissues via immunohistochemistry (IHC), TLR9 staining was localized in the cytoplasm, in particular, the endocytic compartment of the epithelial cells in both cancer and normal samples, and not in stroma cells [29,38]. However, other studies reported cytoplasmic TLR9 staining in the tumor and adjacent stroma [36,39]. The carcinoma cells exhibited diffuse cytoplasmic TLR9 staining with varying intensities, contrasting with the normal epithelial cells, where TLR9 was localized only in the apical part, facing the lumen of the breast ducts.…”

Section: Tlr9 Expression and Cellular Localization In Breast Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that TLR9 is upregulated in breast cancer tissue and serum, which could potentially participate in promoting breast cancer development and metastasis [27,29,36,38,39,[42][43][44][45][46]. The overexpression of TLR9 in breast cancer tissue was associated with both adverse and favorable outcomes.…”

Section: Upregulation Of Tlr9 and Association With Breast Clinicopath...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Role of Toll-Like Receptors 9 in Breast Cancer

Al-alem,

Al-Saruri,

Bamahros

et al. 2024

Cancers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Breast cancer is a significant global issue, ranking as the second most common cancer among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although the exact causes of this increase remain unclear, factors such as genetics, epigenetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and vitamin D deficiency have been implicated. The Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is recognized for its role in inflammation and innate immunity; however, its specific involvement in breast cancer pathogenesis requires further investigation. This study aims to systematically review the existing literature on TLR9 expression in normal and cancerous breast tissue, providing current knowledge and identifying gaps. Relevant articles in English were from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with the inclusion criteria focusing on studies evaluating TLR9 mRNA and protein expression. The review found that TLR9 mRNA and protein exhibit variable expressions in both normal and cancerous breast tissue, highlighting the need for further research to clarify TLR9’s role in breast cancer.

show abstract

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression Levels in Breast Carcinoma Correlate with Improved Overall Survival in Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Could Serve as a Prognostic Marker

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Multiple Factors Determine the Oncolytic or Carcinogenic Effects of TLRs Activation in Cancer

Multiple Factors Determine the Oncolytic or Carcinogenic Effects of TLRs Activation in Cancer

Toll‐like receptors in health and disease

Understanding the Role of Toll-Like Receptors 9 in Breast Cancer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About