Toll-like receptor expression in the human nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) and palantine tonsils: A preliminary report

Resilience and adaptation in the use of medicinal plants with suspected anti-inflammatory activity in the Brazilian Northeast

“…Upper airway inflammation can be caused by the invasion of any antigen present in the air or in food (Lesmeister et al, 2006) that activates pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6) and TNF-␣ (Purokivi et al, 2001). In addition, activation of enzymes of the arachidonic acid pathway may lead to increased production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, causing inflammatory symptoms such as pain and erythema (Kupczyk et al, 2009).…”

Expression of toll-like receptor 9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with different hepatitis B and C viral loads

“…However, the expression of TLR9 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C of different virus copies have not been reported. Information about the regulation of TLR by viruses is also limited [19][20][21] . The current study was undertaken to investigate the expression of TLR9 in the PBMC of patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C, and to analyze any relationship between the TLR9 expression and different virus copies.…”

Toll-like receptors in tonsillar epithelial cells

“…Yet, the innate immune response has been relatively unstudied in tonsil tissue and represents the first line of host defense against potential pathogenic organisms [14,16,27]. Epithelial cells are important components of the innate immune response to pathogen, representing both a physical and mechanical barrier to infection.…”

“…We have previously demonstrated the expression of several viral-associated TLRs in whole adenoid and tonsil tissue [27]. Since we were able to successfully isolate primary tonsillar epithelial cells, we proceeded with our analysis to examine the primary cells for expression of TLRs.…”