Tools and perspectives for assessing chemical mixtures and multiple stressors

Abstract

The present paper summarizes the most important insights and findings of the EU NoMiracle project with a focus on (1) risk assessment of chemical mixtures, (2) combinations of chemical and natural stressors, and (3) the receptor-oriented approach in cumulative risk assessment. The project aimed at integration of methods for human and ecological risk assessment. A mechanistically based model, considering uptake and toxicity as a processes in time, has demonstrated considerable potential for predicting mixture effects in ecotoxicology, but requires the measurement of toxicity endpoints at different moments in time. Within a novel framework for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, the importance of environmental factors on toxicokinetic processes is highlighted. A new paradigm for applying personal characteristics that determine individual exposure and sensitivity in human risk assessment is suggested. The results are discussed in the light of recent developments in risk assessment of mixtures and multiple stressors.

Pesticide exposure and health conditions of terrestrial pesticide applicators in Córdoba Province, Argentina

“…Symptoms reported here and the frequency of their occurrence are consistent with other reports, showing a positive correlation between health and occupational exposure to pesticides 25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33 . Table 5 compares the type and frequency of symptoms reported in the literature due to occupational exposure, which occurred within a range of between 12.3% and 87.5%.…”

“…The exposure to multiple pesticides (mixing and/or applying more than 10 pesticides), either simultaneously or over time, is a recognized risk factor; their combination may be associated with increased toxicity in human poisoning compared to each pesticide alone; these compounds can be substrates, inhibitors and inducers of enzymes and also causative agents of various toxic effects. The combined action of pesticides needs to be addressed in the risk assessment 26 .…”

Protective Effect of Nigella Sativa (Black Caraway (Oil on Oral Dichlorvos Induced Hematological, Renal and Nonspecific Immune System Toxicity in Wistar Rats

“…Harmful chemicals in the environment and their burden on health have become an issue of great importance in recent decades [1], causing toxicity to a variety of biota and human life [2].…”

Current Trends in the Process of Risk Assessment of Exposure to Xenobiotics Including Dietary Intake

“…Pre pochopenie mechanizmu toxicity týchto látok je potrebné identifikovať a popísať najdôležitejšie mechanizmy zapojené do toxicity zmesi pre zlepšenie predikcie miery rizika zmesi chemických látok (28). Pre skúmanie kombinovaných účinkov xenobiotík je nutné najskôr pochopiť účinok jednotlivých zložiek z molekulárneho hľadis-ka (biochemické a molekulárne metabolické dráhy, vrá-tane enzymatickej aktivity) a biologickú dostupnosť lá-tok: absorpciu, distribúciu, metabolizmus a vylučovanie, teda ich toxikokinetiku (29).…”