Top-down facilitation of visual recognition

Bär, Markus; Kassam, Karim; Ghuman, Avniel Singh; Boshyan, Jasmine; Schmid, Annette; Dale, Anders M.; Hämäläinen, Matti S.; Marinković, Ksenija; Schacter, Daniel L.; Rosen, Bruce R.; Halgren, Eric

doi:10.1073/pnas.0507062103

Cited by 1,379 publications

(1,481 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Similar experiments were conducted in much more details using neuro-imaging technology [39]. They confirmed that the initial state of representations is vague.…”

Section: The Knowledge Instinctsupporting

confidence: 59%

Neurally and Mathematically Motivated Architecture for Language and Thought

Perlovsky

Ilin²

2010

TONIJ

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Neural structures of interaction between thinking and language are unknown. This paper suggests a possible architecture motivated by neural and mathematical considerations. A mathematical requirement of computability imposes significant constraints on possible architectures consistent with brain neural structure and with a wealth of psychological knowledge. How language interacts with cognition. Do we think with words, or is thinking independent from language with words being just labels for decisions? Why is language learned by the age of 5 or 7, but acquisition of knowledge represented by learning to use this language knowledge takes a lifetime? This paper discusses hierarchical aspects of language and thought and argues that high level abstract thinking is impossible without language. We discuss a mathematical technique that can model the joint language-thought architecture, while overcoming previously encountered difficulties of computability. This architecture explains a contradiction between human ability for rational thoughtful decisions and irrationality of human thinking revealed by Tversky and Kahneman; a crucial role in this contradiction might be played by language. The proposed model resolves long-standing issues: how the brain learns correct words-object associations; why animals do not talk and think like people. We propose the role played by language emotionality in its interaction with thought. We relate the mathematical model to Humboldt’s “firmness” of languages; and discuss possible influence of language grammar on its emotionality. Psychological and brain imaging experiments related to the proposed model are discussed. Future theoretical and experimental research is outlined.

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“…Similar experiments were conducted in much more details using neuro-imaging technology [39]. They confirmed that the initial state of representations is vague.…”

Section: The Knowledge Instinctsupporting

confidence: 59%

Neurally and Mathematically Motivated Architecture for Language and Thought

Perlovsky

Ilin²

2010

TONIJ

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“…The visual recognition functions of the OFC are often not emphasised but are nonetheless supported by the published literature (Bar et al, 2006;Frey & Petrides, 2000;Meunier, Bachevalier, & Mishkin, 1997). Extensive connections between the temporal cortex and the OFC (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in human discrimination learning

et al. 2008

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Several lines of evidence implicate the prefrontal cortex in learning but there is little evidence from studies of human lesion patients to demonstrate the critical role of this structure. To this end, we tested patients with lesions of the frontal lobe (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 35) on two learning tasks: the weather prediction task (WPT), and an eight-pair concurrent visual discrimination task ('Choose'). Performance of both tasks was previously shown to be disrupted in patients with Parkinson's disease; the Choose deficit was only present when patients were medicated. Patients with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were significantly impaired on Choose, compared to both healthy controls and non-OFC lesion patients. The OFC lesion patients showed a mild deficit on the first 50 trials of the WPT, compared to the control subjects but not non-OFC lesion patients. The selective deficit in the OFC patients on Choose performance could not be attributed to the larger lesion size in this group, and the deficit was not correlated with the volume of damage to adjacent prefrontal subregions (e.g. anterior cingulate cortex). These data support the notion that the OFC play a role in normal discrimination learning, and suggest qualitative similarities in learning performance of patients with OFC damage and medicated PD patients.

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“…The OFC has been suggested as a candidate region for intuitive processing that, due to the high number of (inter)connections to and with other brain areas, serves as first integrator of (incomplete) incoming stimuli (Bar et al. 2006; Volz and von Cramon 2006; Volz et al. 2008; Luu et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a (preliminary) neuro‐cognitive model of intuition, the OFC has been suggested to serve as a rapid detector and predictor of potential content by sending this initial signal to down‐stream areas (Bar et al. 2006; Volz and von Cramon 2006; Volz et al. 2008; Luu et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intuitive decision making as a gradual process: investigating semantic intuition‐based and priming‐based decisions with fMRI

2015

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IntroductionIntuition has been defined as the instantaneous, experience‐based impression of coherence elicited by cues in the environment. In a context of discovery, intuitive decision‐making processes can be conceptualized as occurring within two stages, the first of which comprises an implicit perception of coherence that is not (yet) verbalizable. Through a process of spreading activation, this initially non‐conscious perception gradually crosses over a threshold of awareness and thereby becomes explicable. Because of its experiential basis, intuition shares conceptual similarities with implicit memory processes. Based on these, the study addresses two research questions: (1) Is the gradual nature of intuitive processes reflected on a neural level? (2) Do intuition‐based decisions differ neurally from priming‐based decisions?MethodsTo answer these questions, we conducted an fMRI study using the triads task and presented participants with coherent word triads that converge on a common fourth concept, and incoherent word triads that do not converge on a common fourth concept. Participants had to perform semantic coherence judgments as well as to indicate whether they immediately knew the fourth concept. To enable investigating intuition‐based and priming‐based decisions within the same task and with the same participants, we implemented a conceptual priming procedure into the coherence judgment task. We realized this by priming participants with concepts associated with incoherent triads in separate priming blocks prior to the coherence judgments.ResultsFor intuition‐based decisions, imaging results mainly revealed activity within the orbitofrontal cortex, within the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus. Activity suppression in the right temporo‐occipital complex was observed for priming‐based decisions.ConclusionsWith respect to research question 1, our data support a continuity model of intuition because the two intuitive stages show quantitatively distinct brain activation patterns. Regarding research question 2, we can draw the preliminary conclusion of a qualitative difference between intuition‐based and priming‐based decisions.

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Top-down facilitation of visual recognition

Cited by 1,379 publications

References 59 publications

Neurally and Mathematically Motivated Architecture for Language and Thought

Neurally and Mathematically Motivated Architecture for Language and Thought

The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in human discrimination learning

Intuitive decision making as a gradual process: investigating semantic intuition‐based and priming‐based decisions with fMRI

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