Topographic Anatomy of the Vertebral Venous System in the Thoracic  Inlet

Ibukuro, Kenji; Fukuda, Haruki; Mori, Koichi; Inoué, Yoshihiro

doi:10.2214/ajr.176.4.1761059

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…To the best of our knowledge, there has been no detailed report describing the variations in the VV in the lower neck and there has been only a single report of one right VV, which was described as terminating at the lower portion of the BCV (Ibukuro et al, 2001). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VV below the level of the sixth cervical vertebra has been reported as a round opacification adjacent to the VA that subsequently descends behind the internal jugular vein and ends in the BCV on enhanced CT (Ibukuro et al, 2001). In our study, besides a single VV, doubled VVs or VVs with unusual routes were observed.…”

Section: The Vertebral Vein Anatomy and The Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous reports, there have been no findings of a VV opening into the lower portion of the BCV. A single case of a right VV, which terminated at the lower portion of the BCV, has been reported (Ibukuro et al, 2001). The presence of a VV with a lower termination may be useful for radiologists for interpreting chest CT scans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Termination of the vertebral veins: Evaluation by multidetector row computed tomography

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the topographic anatomy of the vertebral vein (VV) in the lower neck and thoracic inlet using CT scans. Enhanced CT scans using 32-MDCT were obtained for 199 consecutive patients. Reconstructed images with 1-mm section thickness/intervals were evaluated by two radiologists examining the drainage point, number, and route of VVs using frame forwarding and the rewind function on the DICOM viewer. The VV was classified into four types as follows: Type A (80.6%), a VV that descended ventral to the subclavian artery (SA) and drained into the upper portion of the brachiocephalic vein (BCV); Type B (5.8%), a VV that descended dorsal to the SA and drained into the upper portion or the lower portion of the BCV; Type C (8.3%), a doubled VVs that crossed both sides of the SA and drained into the upper portion of the BCV and formed a common trunk; Type D (5.3%), a VV ventral to the SA that drained into the upper portion of the BCV and another VV dorsal to the SA drained into the upper portion or the lower portion of the BCV. Some variations were observed in regard to the drainage point, number, and route of the VVs. Classification of the VV may be useful for interpreting chest CT scans and in better understanding the embryologic development of the vertebral vein.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Vertebral Vein Anatomy and The Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Termination of the vertebral veins: Evaluation by multidetector row computed tomography

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These veins in turn are branched with connections to the spinal cord, basivertebral, occipital sinus, emissary, and posterior external plexuses. The external vertebral venous plexuses, best marked in the cervical region, consist of anterior and posterior plexuses which anastomose freely with each other: the vertebral, occipital, deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar, and pelvic veins [24]. The blood flow can reverse because there are no venous valves.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Persian Cupping Therapy: 1001 Potential Applications and Avenues for Research

Azizi¹,

Noorafshan

Mohagheghzadeh

2014

Complement Med Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cupping therapy (CT) is one of the oldest medical techniques available, and is still used in several cultures instead of or as an adjunct or complement to ‘western academic' medicine. Moreover, CT (wet or dry) is claimed to have therapeutic effects in many types of disorders which do not fully respond to conventional medicine or for which no effective treatment is available. However, no recent reviews of the clinical practice of cupping are available to the best of our knowledge. We describe the applications of CT as used in Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM). Several databases were searched for relevant literature. In addition, we studied the main traditional treatises on TIM regarding the history and practice of CT. Information about current practices was obtained from a systematic survey among practitioners. Our results suggest that CT is currently prescribed for up to 120 diseases and disorders that are difficult to treat, including cutaneous (21.7%), musculoskeletal (15%), and central nervous system (13.3%) disorders. Moreover, TIM treatises note 25 specific sites on the body surface which correspond to certain diseases, and on which wet-cupping therapy has therapeutic effects. Additional clinical studies of CT may lead to findings on new therapeutic methods and may shed light on mechanisms of disease and illness that are not fully understood in conventional medicine.

show abstract

“…18 Moreover, a pathway between the vertebral and esophageal veins has been reported to play an important role in the genesis of DEVs in humans, making the varices plausible consequences of excessive blood flow. 19 In humans, selective angiography remains the gold standard for analysis of the anatomic and morphologic features of anomalous vascular connections. Conventional radiology, ecodoppler ultrasound examination, MDCT nonselective angiography, and flexible videoendoscopy were used in the dog described here.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Esophageal Varices Due to a Probable Arteriovenous Communication in a Dog

Bertolini¹,

Lorenzi²,

Ledda³

et al. 2007

J Vet Int Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A 6-year-old 40-kg castrated male Samoyed dog was presented for evaluation of chronic remittent lameness of the right forelimb. The dog had a history of polyuria-polydipsia (PU/PD) and lethargy over the previous year. Physical examination was unremarkable except for a grade II systolic murmur at the apex of the heart on the left side. A 6-lead ECG was within normal limits. Arterial blood gas analysis indicated mild respiratory alkalosis (pH, 7.457, reference range, 7.370-7.450 Thoracic radiographs disclosed a generalized increase in the size of the cardiac silhouette and pulmonary vascular enlargement, suggesting pulmonary overcirculation. An ELISA for Dirofilaria immitis antigen was negative. Two-dimensional, M-mode echocardiography a (transducer frequency, 2.0-3.0 MHz) revealed left atrial enlargement, left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy, and impaired systolic function (end-diastolic dimension, 65.7 mm; end-systolic dimension, 44.2 mm; shortening fraction, 32.7%) with normal valves. Spectral and colorflow Doppler examination disclosed mild mitral, aortic, and pulmonic valve insufficiency. Both the tricuspid and the telediastolic pulmonic valvular peak regurgitant jet velocities were increased as follows: 3.26 m/s (normal, #2.5 m/s) and 2.44 m/s (normal, #2.0 m/s), respectively. According to the Bernoulli's equation modification, the systolic pulmonary artery pressure was estimated to be 42.5 mm Hg and the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure was estimated to be 23.9 mm Hg, values consistent with mild pulmonary hypertension.The dog was anesthetized and subjected to radiography of the right forelimb and total body multidetector computed tomography b (MDCT). The radiographs were negative for abnormalities, and synovial fluid examination of the shoulder and stifle joints did not indicate evidence of any inflammatory pathology. MDCT scans of the brain, thorax, and abdomen were obtained. For the thoracic and abdominal scans, the dog was positioned in dorsal recumbency, and we employed the following parameters: helical modality, 120 kV, 200 mA, 0.7-second rotation tube, 0.526 pitch, and 1.2-mm slice thickness. For the brain scan, the dog was positioned in sternal recumbency and the scanner parameters were as follows: axial modality, 120 kV, 310 mA, 2-second rotation tube, 0.625 slice thickness, and 10-mm intervals. For an enhanced series, 2-mL/kg iodixanol c 320 mg I/mL was injected via a 22-gauge catheter into the right cephalic vein at a 3 mL/second infusion rate, through a computed tomography injector system. d The brain and abdominal MDCT scans were normal. However, MDCT of the neck and chest revealed 12 pairs of ribs, an enlarged heart, and enlarged pulmonary vessels. Both of the bronchoesophageal arteries were enlarged and connected with an enormous network of homogeneously enhancing serpentine structures involving the thoracic esophagus (esophageal and paraesophageal varices). The bronchoesophageal vein was extremely dilated (Figs 1, 2). The right azygous and hemizygous veins were normal. The cranial vena ca...

show abstract

Topographic Anatomy of the Vertebral Venous System in the Thoracic Inlet

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Termination of the vertebral veins: Evaluation by multidetector row computed tomography

Termination of the vertebral veins: Evaluation by multidetector row computed tomography

A Tale of Persian Cupping Therapy: 1001 Potential Applications and Avenues for Research

Esophageal Varices Due to a Probable Arteriovenous Communication in a Dog

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About