Total Factor Productivity and Environmental Efficiency of the Most Important Cereals Crops in Egypt

Abstract

Purpose of the Study: Egyptian agriculture suffers from many problems related to the use of available economic resources, the most important of which is lack of optimal utilization of resources, wasteful use of agricultural production inputs, reduced efficiency of irrigation water use, and the fertility of agricultural lands are deteriorating, in addition to increasing rates of encroachments on agricultural lands and shifting it from agricultural use to other non-agricultural uses, which limits the agricultural sector ability to achieve high growth rates, especially with the increasing global production of biofuels from crops that individuals consume as food, including wheat and corn, which constitutes an explicit threat to Egyptian food and national security.
 Objectives: The research aimed to:
 
 Estimate the changes in the sources and components of the total productivity of the factors for the main cereal crops in Egypt in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide emissions,
 Environmental impact assessment of changes in the productivity of these crops.
 
 Methods: The study applied analytical approaches to measure changes in productivity, as parameter analysis methods are used as methods of the aggregate production function, and non-parameterized methods of estimation, in addition to (Malmquist, 1953) which is one of the most important indicators of measurement changes in productivity and relies on a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure efficiency and changes in TFP productivity and identify the sources of changes in productivity through changes in technical competence and technological change, as the two most important components of the change in total productivity.
 Results: Wheat Crop: Wheat crop by estimating the change in the different efficiencies of the wheat crop with co2 emissions, it was clear that a decrease in technological change (TC) during the study period, and thus a decrease in the average change in the total factor productivity (TFP), while without co2 emissions effect, the average change in the total factor productivity of (TFPc) indicates an increase in the actual wheat efficiency which is low due to the environmental impact of the emissions.
 Rice Crop: Rice crop by estimating the change in the different efficiencies of the rice crop with co2 emissions, it became clear that a decrease in the average technological change (TC), thus increasing the average change in the total factor productivity of the (TFP), whereas, without co2 emissions, it was found that the average change in the total factor productivity of the (TFPc) for the study areas was higher.
 Summer Maize Crop: It was clear that the average technological change (TC) for the summer maize crop with co2 emissions, decreased during the study period, and therefore a decrease in the average change in the total factor productivity of the (TFP), but without co2, an increase in the annual average of the change in technical efficiency (TEC), and a decrease in the average technological change (TC), i.e. in the use of technology, and an increase in the average change in the total factor productivity (TFPc).

The nexus between Global Warming, Economic Growth, and Cereal Production in Egypt

“…In study to examine the expansion of Egypt's three major cereal crops; rice, wheat, and maize, as well as the factors that contributed to these crops' output increases between 1975 and 2017 by, El-Rasoul et al (2020) this study divided to three intervals: 1975-1986, 1987-2000, and 2001-2017, with respect to the whole period 1975-2017, founded on the data concluded of the Chow Breakpoint test. The findings demonstrated that increases in yield, rather than changes in area, were more important for the expansion of wheat, rice, and maize output over the research periods.…”

“…(Gamal et al, 2021). Net exports, corporate investment, government expenditure, personal consumption and population make up the five components of the per capita gross domestic product (El-Rasoul et al, 2020) however these five components can affected by environmental factors in the time of occurrence, like water availability, winter and summer temperatures, and the area's natural resources-such as rivers and coastlines-among others. Each of these elements affects a nation's ability to grow economically.…”

TFP Bioeconomy Impact post Covid-19 on the agricultural economy

“…It is important to assess this type of relationship given that under Covid conditions it was evidenced that the decreasing changes in TFP were mainly due to changes in technical efficiency (EFFCH), this has to do with the people affected by Covid having an impact on the availability of labor in companies. Some authors highlight this importance in the Covid period [49][50][51][52][53][54].…”

Population density of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its response to some ecological phenomena in maize crop

“…Maize is an annual plant, which forms the backbone of the world's food security since it is consumed by humans and cattle, as well as a source of industrial raw materials for the manufacturing of bioproducts like oil, alcohol, and starch. In 2020, the total cultivated area of maize in Egypt reached 871076.12 hectares (1 hectare = 10.000 m 2 ) with average productivity of 8154,48 tons/ha (El-Rasoul et al, 2020).…”