Total serum cholesterol, atherogenic indices and their longitudinal association with depressive symptoms among US adults

Abstract

Serum cholesterol, both total and lipoprotein fractions, has been associated with mid- and late-life depression. Using longitudinal data on a large and ethnically diverse sample of urban adults, the associations of serum lipid profile measured by high or low total cholesterol (TC; >200 mg dl−1; <160 mg dl−1) and by atherogenic indices, namely high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol relative to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with change in total and domain-specific depressive symptoms over time were examined. Findings were compared by sex. (Hypothesis 1) In addition, baseline depressive symptoms as predictors for longitudinal change in lipid profile trajectory were tested. (Hypothesis 2) Mixed-effects regression analyses stratified by sex was used. Sample sizes of participants (n) and repeated observations (n') were: Hypothesis 1 (Men: n=826 ; n'=1319; Women: n=1099 ; n'=1817); Hypothesis 2 (Men: n=738; n'=1230; Women: n=964; n'=1678). As hypothesized, a higher level of atherogenic indices was linked to faster increase in depressive symptom scores, particularly depressed affect and interpersonal problems, though this relationship was found only among women. Among men a U-shaped relationship between baseline TC and longitudinal increase in somatic complaints and a direct link between low TC and longitudinal putative improvement in positive affect was found. On excluding statin users among women, low TC was associated with slower increase in depressed affect over time, whereas high TC was associated with faster increase in interpersonal problems. In summary, atherogenic indices were directly linked to faster increase in depressive symptoms among women only. More studies are needed to explain these sex-specific associations.

Markers of Oxidative Stress and Neuroprogression in Depression Disorder

“…Lower level of HDL is associated with higher atherogenicity and risk for cardiovascular disease [ 90 , 114 ]. Atherogenesis is frequently accompanied by depression in women [ 49 ]. Lowered serum level of HDL is detected also in depression, especially in patients with suicidal attempts [ 113 ] and with postpartum depression.…”

High‐dose atorvastatin improves vascular endothelial function in patients with leukoaraiosis

“…Initially, we found that the levels of TC, LDL‐C, and HS‐CRP decreased significantly in the ATV groups compared with the control group after 8‐week of ATV treatment, indicating that a proper dose of ATV could promote vascular endothelial function. Serum cholesterol, either total or lipoprotein fractions, is in closely association with human both mid‐ and late‐life depression . A cohort study was conducted for determining the relative risk and incidence for myocardial infarction, and it verified that TC was a significant risk factor for myocardial infarction .…”

“…Serum cholesterol, either total or lipoprotein fractions, is in closely association with human both mid-and late-life depression. 21 A cohort study was conducted for determining the relative risk and incidence for myocardial infarction, and it verified that TC was a significant risk factor for myocardial infarction. 22 LDL-C level is strongly associated with sustained viral response for chronic hepatitis C infection, and it was concluded that LDL-C burden might identify those patients with pegIFN/RBV therapy.…”

Assessment of Toxicity and Beneficiary Effects of Garcinia pedunculata on the Hematological, Biochemical, and Histological Homeostasis in Rats

“…When these indices increase, the risk of cardiovascular disease increases [47, 51, 52]. The administration of fruit extract to rats at three doses significantly reduced all of the atherogenic indices.…”