Tour Conductor Playfulness: Conceptualizing and Scale Development

Cheng, Tsang-Hsiang; Chen, Mei-Tsun; Wu, Cheng-Ho

doi:10.1177/0047287519888284

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Possibly, this absent association is qualified by the occupational industry. For instance, the use of humor may only be perceived as job effort in the sales, hospitality, tourism, and retail industries (Cheng et al, 2021; Gilliam et al, 2014; Tsaur et al, 2019). Finally, endorsing the distinctiveness and robustness of PWD, most associations at Time 1 replicated at Time 2 and remained significant when controlling for the opposing PWD dimension, fun activities, personal initiative, or job crafting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Playful work design: Conceptualization, measurement, and validity

et al. 2022

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Drawing on the play and work design literatures, we conceptualize and validate an instrument to measure playful work design (PWD) – the proactive cognitive-behavioral orientation that employees engage in to incorporate play into their work activities to promote fun and challenge. Across three studies (N=1006), we developed a reliable scale with a two-dimensional factor structure. In Study 1, we utilized expert-ratings and iterative exploratory factor analyses to develop an instrument that measures (1) designing fun and (2) designing competition. Additionally, Study 1 evidences the divergent and convergent validity of the subscales as well as their distinctiveness. Specifically, PWD was indicative of proactivity as well as play, and designing fun especially correlated with ludic traits (i.e., traits focused on deriving fun; e.g., humor), whereas designing competition particularly correlated with agonistic traits (i.e., traits focused on deriving challenge; e.g., competitiveness). Study 2 cross-validated the two-factor structure, further investigated the nomological net of PWD, and revealed that PWD is distinct from job crafting. Finally, Study 3 examined the predictive and incremental validity of the PWD instrument with self- and colleague-ratings two weeks apart. Taken together, the results suggest that the instrument may advance our understanding of play initiated by employees during work.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Playful work design: Conceptualization, measurement, and validity

et al. 2022

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“…Tour leaders play an important role in promoting group interaction. Their performance can affect the company’s image, tour member loyalty, and public reputation (Cheng, Chen, and Wu 2020; Duke and Persia 1996; Teng and Tsaur 2021). The tour leader encourages member interaction to build the friendly relations needed to ensure the smooth progress of the tour and members’ happiness (Cohen 1985).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tour Leader–Member Exchange (TLMX): Scale Development and Validation

Tsaur

Cheng

Hong

2022

Journal of Travel Research

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Exchanges between tour leaders and tour members can affect the smooth operation of a group tour, yet measures of this relationship have not been addressed by previous studies. The main purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale of the TLMX relationship from the perspectives of both tour leaders and tour members. The initial items of the scale were obtained from in-depth interviews based on the critical incident technique and with rigorous content analysis. First, an Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed by investigating 221 tour leaders, and six factors were identified: harmony, trust, concerted effort, respect, information sharing, and tolerance. Second, the validity of the derived TLMX scale was then tested by confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 432 tour members. The scale serves as a useful tool for tour members to measure the extent of TLMX and provide management implications for travel agencies.

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“…Tour guiding is not only contingent upon formal factors (e.g., knowledge, professional competence), but is also beholden to informal cues such as word-of-mouth and customer satisfaction (Hwang and Lee 2019). Further, interactive exchanges such as playfulness have also become important in redefining contemporary tour guiding (Cheng, Chen, and Wu 2021). Research therefore contends that tour-guiding can be a deeply relational experience, with both positive and negative perceptions capable of playing an important role (Kim 2020).…”

Section: Theoretical Framing and Literature Review: Authenticity And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Profile-Based Approach to Understanding Social Exchange: Authentic Tour-Guiding in the Sharing Economy

Kromidha

Gannon

Taheri

2021

Journal of Travel Research

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Authenticity in travel and tourism research is often explored at the tangible-existential nexus. However, the collaborative forces embedded within digital sharing economy platforms draw attention to how the promise of social exchange can stimulate authentic consumption. The role of tour guides has evolved accordingly, from professional designation to self-acquired identity enacted ad-hoc. This study therefore applies a deductive-inductive approach—investigating over 100,000 tour guide profiles on the digital sharing economy platform showaround.com —to frame authenticity as the diverse manifestation of promised social exchanges. Combining automated qualitative analysis for large datasets with manual inductive reasoning, the findings identify four types of authenticity demonstrated within sharing economy tour guide profiles: situational, natural, personal, and positional. Doing so extends established understanding of tangible-existential and sincere-trustworthy tourism industry authenticity by capturing social exchanges in dynamic contexts; acknowledging the diverse nature of the promise of authentic tourism service delivery and consumption therein.

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Tour Conductor Playfulness: Conceptualizing and Scale Development

Cited by 16 publications

References 55 publications

Playful work design: Conceptualization, measurement, and validity

Playful work design: Conceptualization, measurement, and validity

Tour Leader–Member Exchange (TLMX): Scale Development and Validation

A Profile-Based Approach to Understanding Social Exchange: Authentic Tour-Guiding in the Sharing Economy

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