“…Scholars in the field of integrated marketing communications have studied synergistic effects across various media platforms including paid and owned media (Jayson et al, 2018), online and offline media (Lesscher et al, 2021) and social media and traditional marketing (Kumar et al, 2017). With the growth of the Internet and online social networks, researchers have developed models for improving the synergy of out-of-home advertising (Roux and Van der Waldt, 2016) and multimedia engagement (Huang and Li, 2016), in which consumers help create media synergy (Schultz et al, 2012) that influences sales (Jayson et al, 2018;Kumar et al, 2017), brand perceptions and purchase intentions (Dens et al, 2018). However, apart from cross-media synergy, few scholars have empirically studied other marketing mix synergistic effects.…”