Towards an Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Liustrovaitė, Viktorija; Drobysh, Maryia; Ručinskienė, A.; Baradokė, Aušra; Plikusienė, Ieva; Ramanavičienė, Almira; Samukaitė-Bubnienė, Urtė; Viter, Roman; Chen, Chuan-Mu; Ramanavičius, Arūnas

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac5d91

Cited by 50 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…There have been many reports in the literature presenting the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus by different procedures in combination with specific bioreceptors, such as spike protein (S) and nucleocapsid protein (N) [ 5 , 47 , 48 ]. In addition to the studies targeting spike protein [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 10 , 27 , 49 , 50 ], some studies focusing on the detection of S1 subunits [ 12 , 51 , 52 ] are also presented. The detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using combinations of electrochemical techniques, such as voltametric [ 4 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 54 ], amperometric [ 5 , 9 , 52 ] and impedimetric [ 6 , 7 , 10 , 27 , 55 ] techniques, was explored for the determination of different bioreceptors of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impedimetric Detection Based on Label-Free Immunoassay Developed for Targeting Spike S1 Protein of SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2022

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After the COVID-19 pandemic started all over the world, great importance was placed on the development of sensitive and selective bioanalytical assays for the rapid detection of the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 disease. In this present work, an impedimetric immunosensor was developed and applied for rapid, reliable, sensitive and selective detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. To detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, targeting of the spike S1 protein was achieved herein by using S1 protein-specific capture antibody (Cab-S1) immobilized screen-printed electrode (SPE) in combination with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. With the impedimetric immunosensor, the detection limit for S1 protein in buffer medium was found to be 0.23 ng/mL (equal to 23.92 amol in 8 µL sample) in the linear concentration range of S1 protein from 0.5 to 10 ng/mL. In the artificial saliva medium, it was found to be 0.09 ng/mL (equals to 9.36 amol in 8 µL sample) in the linear concentration range of S1 protein between 0.1 and 1 ng/mL. The selectivity of the impedimetric immunosensor toward S1 protein was tested against influenza hemagglutinin antigen (HA) in the buffer medium as well as in artificial saliva.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impedimetric Detection Based on Label-Free Immunoassay Developed for Targeting Spike S1 Protein of SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2022

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“…The SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (rSpike) was produced by Baltymas (Vilnius, Lithuania) [ 31 ]. Serum samples containing antibodies (anti-rSpike) of volunteers vaccinated with a single dose of the Vaxzevria vaccine who had COVID-19 after two weeks were collected [ 10 ] according to Lithuanian ethics law.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of rSpike Protein by Specific Antibodies with Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrodeposited Gold Nanostructures

et al. 2022

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In this research, we assessed the applicability of electrochemical sensing techniques for detecting specific antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike proteins in the blood serum of patient samples following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) with electrodeposited gold nanostructures (AuNS) were modified with L-Cysteine for further covalent immobilization of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (rSpike). The affinity interactions of the rSpike protein with specific antibodies against this protein (anti-rSpike) were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. It was revealed that the SPCE electroactive surface area increased from 1.49 ± 0.02 cm2 to 1.82 ± 0.01 cm2 when AuNS were electrodeposited, and the value of the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) changed from 6.30 × 10−5 to 14.56 × 10−5. The performance of the developed electrochemical immunosensor was evaluated by calculating the limit of detection and limit of quantification, giving values of 0.27 nM and 0.81 nM for CV and 0.14 nM and 0.42 nM for DPV. Furthermore, a specificity test was performed with a solution of antibodies against bovine serum albumin as the control aliquot, which was used to assess nonspecific binding, and this evaluation revealed that the developed rSpike-based sensor exhibits low nonspecific binding towards anti-rSpike antibodies.

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“…Accordingly, the sensor could detect SP within 15 min with a LOD of 64 fM in COVID-19 patient's nasopharyngeal samples. Other works related to the use of antibodies, aptamers, ACE2, and MIPs as receptors for electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 SP [80][81][82][83][84][85][86] and their analytical performances are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Detection Of Spike Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management

Rahman

2022

Chemosensors

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Rapid and early diagnosis of lethal coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important issue considering global human health, economy, education, and other activities. The advancement of understanding of the chemistry/biochemistry and the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to the development of low-cost, efficient, and reliable methods for COVID-19 diagnosis over “gold standard” real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) due to its several limitations. This led to the development of electrochemical sensors/biosensors for rapid, fast, and low-cost detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the patient’s biological fluids by detecting the components of the virus, including structural proteins (antigens), nucleic acid, and antibodies created after COVID-19 infection. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art research progress of electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. They include the detection of spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, whole virus, nucleic acid, and antibodies. The review also outlines the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, different detection methods, and design strategies of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 biosensors by highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives.

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Towards an Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Cited by 50 publications

References 45 publications

Impedimetric Detection Based on Label-Free Immunoassay Developed for Targeting Spike S1 Protein of SARS-CoV-2

Impedimetric Detection Based on Label-Free Immunoassay Developed for Targeting Spike S1 Protein of SARS-CoV-2

Determination of rSpike Protein by Specific Antibodies with Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrodeposited Gold Nanostructures

Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management

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