Towards Baseline Air Pollution Under Covid-19: Implication for Chronic Health and Policy Research for Delhi, India

Urban freight characteristics and externalities – A comparative study of Gothenburg (Sweden) and Delhi (India)

“…This is responsible for higher PM emissions. The concentration of PM 2.5 in the air has reached an alarming level for Delhi, and the results of this study also show that emissions of PM 2.5 from freight activities in Delhi are almost seven times when compared with Gothenburg, from the almost similar amount of freight activities (Beig et al 2020).…”

“…2016) states that vehicles contribute 20% to the city's PM-2.5 emission load (Kanpur 2016). It is also estimated that emissions from the transport sector increased by 40% in 2018 when compared with 2010 (Beig et al 2020). Our data analysis reveals that 51% of freight trips in the study zone of Delhi were made with vehicles having age less than 5 years.…”

Propagation of cloud base to higher levels during Covid-19-Lockdown

“…6 , PM10 reduced by 35% while PM2.5 reduced by 30%. Absolute value of PM2.5 has reduced from ~58 μg m − 3 in pre-lockdown to ~20 μg m − 3 in lockdown ( Beig et al, 2020 ) due to the reduction in gas pollutants and in formation of secondary particles. Water soluble inorganic secondary hygroscopic particles like nitrates and ammonium salts are generated from its precursor gases NO 2 and NH 3 .…”

Evolution of India's PM2.5 pollution between 1998 and 2020 using global reanalysis fields coupled with satellite observations and fuel consumption patterns

“…Besides worsening pollution levels over the IGP, a gradual increase in the power plant emissions and resulting PM 2.5 pollution over Central India, especially the Korba region of Chhattisgarh, is noteworthy. 27 In 2020, MAM includes adjustments for emission reductions observed during the lockdown periods of COVID-19's rst wave, [34][35][36] which is reected in the change in the colour shades, unlike other seasons which continued to show an increase in the seasonal averages.…”