Towards Tunable Sensitivity of Electrical Property to Strain for Conductive Polymer Composites Based on Thermoplastic Elastomer

Lin, Lin; Liu, Siyao; Zhang, Qi; Li, Xiaoyu; Ji, Mizhi; Deng, Hua; Fu, Qiang

doi:10.1021/am401402x

Cited by 244 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…[ 110 ] The dominant strain-responsive mechanism of the (CNTs or graphene)-polymer nanocomposites based strain sensors was discovered to be the tunneling effect. [ 34,35,62,71,82,90,107,108,110 ] Moreover, single CNT and monolayer graphene possess high tensile strength up to 40% and 30% with fully reversible structural geometry due to the energy absorption of the carbonic hexagonal honeycomb structure. [ 34,55,90 ] Therefore, CNTs and graphene could be regarded as elastic nanomaterials.…”

Section: Tunneling Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical, chemical, biological, and environmental status of the human body could be monitored by various fl exible sensors with high effi ciency and minimum discomfort. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Stretchable strain sensors were fabricated through different processes including fi ltration method, [ 10,47,58,71,73,79,80 ] printing technology, [ 57,65,66,71 ] transferring and micromolding methods, [ 14,50,52,55,56,58,60 ] coating techniques, [ 49,54,61,63,72,78,79 ] liquid phase mixing, [ 12,51,52,60,62,71,77,81 ] and chemical synthesis methods. [ 14,55,56,76,82 ] We have recently reported highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors based on the silver nanowires (AgNWs)-elastomer nanocomposites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stretchable, Skin‐Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review

Amjadi

Kyung

Park

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

2,629

2,129

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wileyonlinelibrary.comSkin-mountable and wearable sensors can be attached onto the clothing or even directly mounted on the human skin for the real-time monitoring of human activities. [ 10 ] Besides their high effi ciency, they must fulfi ll several minimum requirements including high stretchability, fl exibility, durability, low power consumption, biocompatibility, and lightweight. These demands become even more severe for epidermal electronic devices where mechanical compliance like human skin and high stretchability ( ε > 100% where ε is the strain) are required. [ 11,12 ] Recently, several types of skin-mountable and wearable sensors have been proposed by using nanomaterials coupled with fl exible and stretchable polymers. Indeed, nanomaterials are utilized as functional sensing elements owing to their outstanding electrical, mechanical, optical, and chemical properties while polymers are employed as fl exible support materials thanks to their fl exibility, stretchability, humanfriendliness, and durability. [ 13 ] Examples of those innovative sensors include strain sensors, [ 10,[12][13][14] pressure sensors, [ 5,[15][16][17] electronic skins (e-skins), [ 3,[16][17][18][19][20] and temperature sensors. [ 2,21,22 ] Particularly, various skin-mountable and wearable strain sensors have been developed because of their broad applications in personalized heath-monitoring, human motion detection, human-machine interfaces, and soft robotics. [ 10,12,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] This paper aims to survey fabrication processes, working mechanisms, strain sensing performances, and applications of stretchable strain sensors. The article is organized as follows: fi rst, common operation mechanisms of stretchable strain sensors are described. Here, we summarize novel functional nanomaterials and techniques for the fabrication of stretchable strain sensors in details. Second, mechanisms involved in the strain-responsive behavior of resistive-type and capacitive-type sensors are explained. We show that the infl uence of traditional mechanisms like geometrical changes and piezoresistivity of materials on the strain sensing performance of fl exible strain sensors are very small whereas mechanisms such as disconnection between sensing elements, crack propagation in thin fi lms, and tunneling effect can potentially be employed for highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensing. Third, we emphasize the performance parameters of stretchable strain sensors in terms of stretchability, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis behavior, response time, overshooting, and durability. We demonstrate

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Section: Tunneling Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretchable, Skin‐Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review

Amjadi

Kyung

Park

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

2,629

2,129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[108][109][110] Numerical simulations [111][112][113][114] were conducted to study the behavior of resistive strain sensors. For example, the resistive response for AgNW-PDMS sensor was highly correlated to the aspect ratio and density of AgNWs.…”

Section: Resistive Strain Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterial‐Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare

Yao

Swetha

Zhu

2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

469

296

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humidity level, and concentration of harmful gases, and airborne particulates can provide valuable information for the prediction, management, and treatment of chronic diseases. [4,5] In addition to the applications in wearable health monitoring, continuous tracking of daily and sports activities can offer an efficient way to assess the well-being and athletic performances. [6] In order to ensure a robust and conformal contact with the curvilinear, coarse, and dynamic surface of skin without impeding daily activities, the wearable sensor should have low modulus and high stretchability. The epidermis has a modulus of 140-600 kPa while the dermis has an even lower modulus of 2-80 kPa. [7] Skin itself can be stretched elastically up to 15% and with the help of wrinkles and creases, the overall stretchability can reach as high as 100% during daily motions. [8] In addition to good wearability, wearable sensors should be highly sensitive, lightweight, low-cost, and with low power consumption. To achieve these features, nanomaterials that are compliant, possessing larger surface area and exceptional material properties, and compatible with low-cost fabrication processes are widely employed as building blocks for developing wearable sensors.In this review, we start from a brief overview of nanomaterials, their related structural designs and fabrication processes (Section 2). Following that, recent advances of nanomaterialenabled wearable sensors including temperature, electrophysiological, strain, tactile, electrochemical, and other sensors will be summarized (Section 3). A survey on the integration of multiple sensors and other components into wearable systems will be given in Section 4. The application of nanomaterialenabled wearable sensors for healthcare including health monitoring, activity tracking, and electronic skin will be presented in Section 5. The challenges and opportunities will be discussed at the end. Nanomaterials, Structural Designs, and Fabrication ProcessesNanomaterials can be classified into two categories-top-down fabricated ones and bottom-up synthesized ones. [9] The focus of this review is on the wearable sensors based on bottom-up synthesized nanomaterials. Nanomaterials can be synthesized into various dimensions, from 0D such as metallic nanoparticles (NPs), to 1D such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metallic nanowires (NWs), to 2D such as graphene and transition metal Highly sensitive wearable sensors that can be conformably attached to human skin or integrated with textiles to monitor the physiological parameters of human body or the surrounding environment have garnered tremendous interest. Owing to the large surface area and outstanding material properties, nanomaterials are promising building blocks for wearable sensors. Recent advances in the nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors including temperature, electrophysiological, strain, tactile, electrochemical, and environmental sensors are presented in this review. Integration of multiple sensors for multimodal sensing and integration with...

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“…Sensitivity degradation has been reported in multiple studies related to polymer nanocomposites. Some authors have reported it for custom-made stress [32,33] and strain sensors [34], thus indicating that sensitivity degradation is not exclusive of FlexiForce sensors [35,36], but rather, a phenomenon related with the polymer composite itself. The authors have experimentally demonstrated that sensitivity degradation is a voltage-related phenomenon that only occurs when the contact resistance is the main sensing mechanism of the FSR, i.e., when V FSR is large enough [20].…”

Section: Error Sources and Types Of Error In Fsrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Compensated Driving Circuit for Reducing Drift and Hysteresis in Force Sensing Resistors

et al. 2018

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Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs) are manufactured from a blend of conductive nanoparticles dispersed in an insulating polymer matrix. FSRs exhibit large amounts of hysteresis and drift error, but currently, a great effort is placed on improving their performance through different techniques applied during sensor manufacturing. In this article, a novel technique for improving the performance of FSRs is presented; the method can be applied to already-manufactured sensors, which is a clear benefit of the proposed procedure. The method is based on driving the sensors with a modified-astable 555 oscillator, in which the oscillation frequency is set from the sensor's capacitance and resistance. Considering that the sensor's capacitance and resistance have opposite signs in the drift characteristic, the driving circuit provides self-compensated force measurements over extended periods of time. The feasibility of the driving circuit to reduce hysteresis and to avoid sensitivity degradation is also tested. In order to obtain representative results, the experimental measurements from this study were performed over eight FlexiForce A201-25 sensors.

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Towards Tunable Sensitivity of Electrical Property to Strain for Conductive Polymer Composites Based on Thermoplastic Elastomer

Cited by 244 publications

References 74 publications

Stretchable, Skin‐Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review

Stretchable, Skin‐Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review

Nanomaterial‐Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare

Self-Compensated Driving Circuit for Reducing Drift and Hysteresis in Force Sensing Resistors

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