“…Non-thermal DBD plasma treatment induces oxidative stress from the diffusion of plasma-generated ROS, or from stimulation of the cell’s own ROS generating mechanisms [ 32 ], which results in decreased cell proliferation and differentiation [ 31 ], even cell death [ 29 , 30 , 32 ]. Our results show 4 min plasma exposure generated excessive ROS and increased MDA activity in dead embryos, which were mediated by decreasing cellular antioxidant activity and metabolic viability [ 20 , 33 ], and correlated with elevated NOX4 mRNA expression, which catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen to generate ROS [ 34 – 36 ]. NRF2 directly affects ROS levels by regulating the antioxidant defense systems through the induction of catabolism in SOD, CAT, GPx, and PRDX [ 26 , 28 , 37 ].…”