Toxic effects and potential mechanisms of zinc pyrithione (ZPT) exposure on sperm and testicular injury in zebrafish

Male Reproductive Toxicity of Antifouling Chemicals: Insights into Oxidative Stress-Induced Infertility and Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc Pyrithione (ZPT)

“…Given that the secretion of testosterone is crucial for spermatogenesis, a decline in testosterone levels can conceivably correlate with an escalation in the frequency of sperm abnormalities as well as a deterioration in the quality of spermatozoa [63,64]. Pertinently, ZPT has been extensively reported to induce a remarkable reduction in testosterone levels, instigate the disruption of acrosomal membrane integrity, give rise to deformities within the spermatozoa, which unequivocally diminish their quality and quantity, and substantially impair the overall sperm function in zebrafish samples [65].…”

“…et al has indicated that copper exerts detrimental effects on the DNA of sperm tails, consequently leading to a decreased semen quality [39]. Additionally, ZPT has been implicated in the induction of ROS-mediated DNA damage in testicular tissue of zebrafish [65].…”

“…TBT has been reported to induce a significant reduction in the levels of GPx and SOD antioxidants within the prawn species Macrobrachium rosenbergii, adversely affecting sperm protection, activation, and various functional attributes [71]. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the antifouling agent ZPT modulates the abundance of GPx, CAT, and SOD, consequently provoking oxidative stress in the spermatozoa of zebrafish [65].…”

“…Consequently, this disturbance can lead to alterations in oxidative stress markers by reducing the presence of crucial enzymes such as GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT. These enzymes play a pivotal role in neutralizing ROS through various chemical processes, including the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxide metabolism [65]. Any disruption in these processes ultimately leads to the development of oxidative stress.…”

“…Trans fatty acids have been found to accumulate in the testes of male mice, resulting in reduced serum testosterone levels, sperm counts, spermatogenesis inhibition, and testicular degeneration [135,136]. Hu et al' s research demonstrates that ZPT can regulate and control the expression of these gene biomarkers in zebrafish [65] (Figure 2c).…”