Toxic ketene gas forms on vaping vitamin E acetate prompting interest in its possible role in the EVALI outbreak

Strongin, Robert M.

doi:10.1073/pnas.2003384117

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Interestingly, Vitamin E was not found and only a few fatty acids were found in aerosol samples probably due to their decaying at high temperatures. The possible breakdown product of toxic gas ketene from VEA during vaping can be directly attributed to the illness in EVALI patients ( Attfield et al, 2020 ; Strongin, 2020 ; Wu and O’Shea, 2020 ). However, ketene was not found in tested vapor or aerosol samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such studies cannot be directly applied to cannabis products as they have different major constituents such as THC (50–80% concentration) and terpenes. From limited studies on cannabis vape cartridges, ketene as an exceptionally toxic gas may be a potential byproduct in the aerosol of vape cartridges containing Vitamin E acetate ( Attfield et al, 2020 ; Strongin, 2020 ; Wu and O’Shea, 2020 ). Poklis and Peace et al also found synthetic cannabinoids in vape liquids ( Peace et al, 2017 ; Poklis et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major Constituents of Cannabis Vape Oil Liquid, Vapor and Aerosol in California Vape Oil Cartridge Samples

et al. 2021

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During the E-cigarette or Vaping product use Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) outbreak of August 2019 to February 2020, the California Department of Public Health, Food and Drug Laboratory Branch received numerous cannabis vape oil cartridge investigation samples from throughout the state. Many of these products were directly linked to patients; others were collected as part of investigations. We determined the major ingredients and additives in twelve unused cannabis vape oil cartridge samples obtained before (n = 2) and during the EVALI outbreak (n = 10) in California from September 2018 to December 2019. We tested for major constituents in vape oil liquid, vape oil vapor, and vape oil aerosol phases. A nontargeted Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry direct injection screening method was developed for vape oils, a headspace heating module used for vape oil vapors and a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) vaping rig for aerosols generated by vaping. We have identified more than 100 terpenes and natural extracts, 19 cannabinoids, and other potential toxic additives such as Vitamin E Acetate, Polyethylene Glycols, and Medium Chain Triglycerides. We determined more terpenes and minor cannabinoids can be produced via vaporizing and aerosolizing the vape oil. Delta9-THC and potential toxic additives were found at lower levels in the vapor and aerosol than in the vape liquid.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Constituents of Cannabis Vape Oil Liquid, Vapor and Aerosol in California Vape Oil Cartridge Samples

et al. 2021

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“…Heating coils within ecigarettes enable wide temperature range. Vitamin E acetate upon pyrolysis forms highly toxic keten [32] [33]. Keten is a gaseous substance which is proved to be a very high pulmonary toxicant, deadly at higher dose.…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Impairment Related To Vaping

Wysoczańska

Moreira

Barg

2021

Preprint

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The use of electronic cigarettes referred to as “vaping” have a detrimental impact on human health, especially on the respiratory system. Depending on the chemical composition and the frequency and quantity of inhalation exposure, the severity of the symptoms may vary among patients. Here we discuss the main potential triggers for EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury). Some vaping-related cellular response mechanisms, including inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and a correlation between vaping and the susceptibility to respiratory infections (including SARS-CoV-2), are presented. In-depth, long-term studies, especially involving cellular responses, are necessary to fully elucidate the process leading to the onset of EVALI symptoms.

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“…1 The acetylation reaction is analogous to that used for the transformation of morphine to heroin, 2 to afford increased lipophilicity and blood brain barrier permeability. 3 ∆ 9 -THC acetate (∆ 9 -THC-OAc, or THCO in some sources, Figure 1) had been investigated as an incapacitating agent by the US military as part of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments between 1949 and 1975 and was found to produce a two-fold greater degree of ataxia in dogs compared to ∆ 9 -THC. 4 Recent anecdotal reports from users state that ∆ 9 -THC-OAc has significantly more psychoactive potency (ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The legal status of ∆ 9 -THC-OAc is currently unclear. ∆ 8 -THC, an unregulated isomer of ∆ 9 -THC, along with its acetate derivative (∆ 8 -THC-OAc, Figure 1), have become increasingly available, particularly in states where ∆ 9 -THC is illegal. 5 However, there is a lack of published peer-reviewed research concerning the cannabinoid acetates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaping Cannabinoid Acetates Leads to Ketene Formation

Strongin

Munger

Jensen³

2022

Preprint

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Delta-8 THC acetate is a relatively new psychoactive cannabis product that is available online and in vape shops across the US since it is currently unregulated. Because it contains a similar substructure to vitamin E acetate, which has been shown to form the poison gas ketene during vaping, we investigated potential ketene formation from delta-8 THC acetate, as well as other cannabinoids acetates, CBN acetate and CBD acetate, under vaping conditions. Ketene was consistently observed in vaped condensates from all three acetates as well as from a commercial delta-8 THC acetate product purchased online.

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Toxic ketene gas forms on vaping vitamin E acetate prompting interest in its possible role in the EVALI outbreak

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Major Constituents of Cannabis Vape Oil Liquid, Vapor and Aerosol in California Vape Oil Cartridge Samples

Major Constituents of Cannabis Vape Oil Liquid, Vapor and Aerosol in California Vape Oil Cartridge Samples

Respiratory Impairment Related To Vaping

Vaping Cannabinoid Acetates Leads to Ketene Formation

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