Toxic Pollutants in China

Yan, Zhenguang; Liu, Zhengtao

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9795-5

SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science

2015

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9795-5

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Toxic Pollutants in China

Zhenguang Yan¹,

Zhengtao Liu²

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Cited by 3 publications

References 96 publications

(174 reference statements)

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Combating river pollution in China and India: policy measures and governance challenges

Wang

Mukherjee

et al. 2016

Water Policy

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Severe water pollution is among the top policy priorities in both China and India. This paper undertakes a comparative case analysis to examine efforts in combating river pollution in two major rivers – the Yangtze in China and the Ganga in India. Our analysis suggests that efforts in combating river pollution in the two Asian giants have encountered substantial challenges, such as the lack of comprehensive legal mechanisms to control pollution at the basin level, the lack of coordination among multiple government agencies, and significant gaps in policy implementation. Our analysis also points out considerable differences between China and India in institutional structure, regulatory approaches and policy instruments in dealing with river pollution.

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Combating river pollution in China and India: policy measures and governance challenges

Wang

Mukherjee

et al. 2016

Water Policy

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Derivation of Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for Heavy Metals in Freshwater Organisms in Korea Using Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs)

Park

Kim

2020

Minerals

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Natural and artificial heavy metal exposure to the environment requires finding thresholds to protect aquatic ecosystems from the toxicity of heavy metals. The threshold is commonly called a predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) and is thought to protect most organisms in an ecosystem from a chemical. PNEC is derived by applying a large assessment factor (AF) to the toxicity value of the most sensitive organism to a chemical or by developing a species sensitivity distribution (SSD), which is a cumulative distribution function with many toxicity data for a chemical of diverse organisms. This study developed SSDs and derived PNECs using toxicity data of organisms living in Korea for four heavy metals: copper (Cd), cadmium (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Five distribution models were considered with log-transformed toxicity data, and their fitness and uncertainty were investigated. As a result, the normal distribution and Gumbel distribution fit the data well. In contrast, the Weibull distribution poorly accounted for the data at the lower tails for all of the heavy metals. The hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5) derived from the most suitable model for each heavy metal was calculated to be the preferred PNEC by AF 2 or AF 3. PNECs, obtained through a suitable SSD model with resident species and reasonable AF, will help protect freshwater organisms in Korea from heavy metals.

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Optimized Derivation of Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for Eight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Using HC10 Based on Acute Toxicity Data

Sun

Ding

Wang

et al. 2023

Toxics

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For persistent organic pollutants, a concern of environmental supervision, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) are often used in ecological risk assessment, which is commonly derived from the hazardous concentration of 5% (HC5) of the species sensitivity distribution (SSD). To address the problem of a lack of toxicity data, the objectives of this study are to propose and apply two improvement ideas for SSD application, taking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as an example: whether the chronic PNEC can be derived from the acute SSD curve; whether the PNEC may be calculated by HC10 to avoid solely statistical extrapolation. In this study, the acute SSD curves for eight PAHs and the chronic SSD curves for three PAHs were constructed. The quantity relationship of HC5s between the acute and chronic SSD curves was explored, and the value of the assessment factor when using HC10 to calculate PNEC was derived. The results showed that, for PAHs, the chronic PNEC can be estimated by multiplying the acute PNEC by 0.1, and the value of the assessment factor corresponding to HC10 is 10. For acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, the chronic PNECs based on the acute HC10s were 0.8120, 0.008925, 0.005202, 0.07602, 2.328, 12.75, 0.5731, and 0.05360 μg/L, respectively.

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Toxic Pollutants in China

Cited by 3 publications

References 96 publications

Combating river pollution in China and India: policy measures and governance challenges

Combating river pollution in China and India: policy measures and governance challenges

Derivation of Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for Heavy Metals in Freshwater Organisms in Korea Using Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs)

Optimized Derivation of Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for Eight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Using HC10 Based on Acute Toxicity Data

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