Toxic polyneuropathies after sniffing a glue thinner

Altenkirch, H.; Mager, Johannes J.; Stoltenburg, G.; J, Helmbrecht

doi:10.1007/bf02430351

Cited by 132 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Often the clinical state and neurophysiological findings have further deteriorated within one to four months after the termination of occupational exposure (1,5,31). Similar observations have also been reported for neuropathy induced by glue sniffing (2,14,17,33). Even cases with initially severe neuropathy and/or myelopathy leading to tetraplegy have shown some recovery (2) although some patients have been confined to wheelchairs and one fatality has been reported (17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Time course of electrophysiological findings for patients with solvent poisoning. A descriptive study.

Seppäläinen¹,

Antti-Poika²

1983

Scand J Work Environ Health

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-Poika, MD1SEPPALAINEN AM, ANTTI-POIKA M. Time course of electrophysiological findings for patients with solvent poisoning: A descriptive study. Scand j work environ health 9 (1983) 15-24. The time course of electroencephalographic (EEG) and electroneuromyographic (ENMG) findings was studied among 87 patients (40 men and 47 women) with a diagnosis of chronic solvent intoxication after occupational exposure. Neurophysiological studies were initially performed around the time of diagnosis, and all the patients were reexamined three to nine years later. No control group was available for the follow-up. Upon diagnosis 67 % of the patients had an abnormal EEG, the majority with diffuse slow-wave abnormalities. The reexamination showed improvement in the EEGs of 47 Q, but the percentage of patients with paroxysmal abnormalities had increased from the initial 6 to 17. The percentage of patients with neuropathic findings was 62 for the first and 74 for the second ENMG. Upon reexamination fibrillations were seen in 46 70 (in 38 % in the initial examination), and some loss of motor units was found for 61 70 (for 54 70 in the initial examination). Mild improvement in the neuropathic findings was noted for 60 %, but the neuropathic findings of 25 % showed slight deterioration during the follow-up period. The EEG findings showed a time course resembling that described after external head injuries. The ENMG findings resembled those described in hexacarbon-induced or carbon disulfide-induced neuropathy. Controlled studies are recommended to examine the observed slight associations between electrophysiological findings and the type of chemical exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Time course of electrophysiological findings for patients with solvent poisoning. A descriptive study.

Seppäläinen¹,

Antti-Poika²

1983

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…Baydas et al (38) investigated the effects of melatonin on the glial reactivity induced by the exposure of rats to the fumes of thinner, which due to the presence of toluene (3000 ppm, for 45 days) are known to be neurotoxic. Pathological studies of the effects of toluene inhalation based on biopsies of the sural nerve have shown swelling of the axons and an extremely thin lamella of the myelin sheath (39). In the present study, chronic toluene exposure caused degeneration of myelins, axons and endoneurial structures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Ebselen Protects Against Oxidative and Morphological Effects of High Concentration Chronic Toluene Exposure on Rat Sciatic Nerves

et al. 2006

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Aim: Neuroprotective effects of ebselen against free radical damage have been studied extensively. Toluene generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the toxic effects relating to these reactants. The aim of this study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic toluene inhalation in high concentration on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and ultrastructural changes in the sciatic nerves of rats.Methods: We also examined the protective effects of ebselen against toluen exposure. Male Wistar albino rats (150-250 g) were divided in three experimental groups: the control, toluene and toluene+ebselen treated group (n=10 for each). Toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene, in a 8 hr/day and 6 day/week order for 16 weeks. Control group received 1ml serum physiologic and ebselen was given i.p. (10 mg/kg) to toluene+ebselen treated group just after toluene exposure per day. Blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigation. The blood and sciatic nerves were assayed for toluene by gas chromatography.Results: Toluene significantly increased blood and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but not tissue catalase (CAT) levels when compared with controls. Ebselen administration prevented to increase of blood and tissue MDA and decrease to SOD and GSH-Px levels induced by toluene inhalation. Electron micrographs of sciatic nerve in the toluene group shows myelin destructions with onion-bulb and bubble form protrusion on the myelin sheath and axolemma border of myelinated axons. Furthermore, ebselen salvaged the nerve fibers from toluene exposure.Conclusion: Ebselen treatment may provide neuroprotection against toluene neurotoxicity by directly scavenging ROS and by indirectly augmenting their antioxidant capacity.

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“…As one example, the effects of n-hexane can be enhanced by co-exposure to substances that inhibit the breakdown and elimination of the toxic 2,5-hexanedione intermediate by competing for metabolizing enzymes. Crit Rev Toxicol, 2015; 45(4): 273-365 288 R. H. Mckee et al There is evidence for an interaction between n-hexane and methyl ethyl ketone (Altenkirch et al 1977(Altenkirch et al , 1978 in which the effects of n-hexane are exacerbated. There are also studies in which the effects of benzene have been modified by coexposure to other aromatics to either enhance or inhibit the formation of reactive metabolites (Bird et al 2010, Medinsky et al 1994, Tardif et al 1992, Travis et al 1992.…”

Section: Potential Interactions Among Hydrocarbon Solvent Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Toxic polyneuropathies after sniffing a glue thinner

Cited by 132 publications

References 26 publications

Time course of electrophysiological findings for patients with solvent poisoning. A descriptive study.

Time course of electrophysiological findings for patients with solvent poisoning. A descriptive study.

Ebselen Protects Against Oxidative and Morphological Effects of High Concentration Chronic Toluene Exposure on Rat Sciatic Nerves

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

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