Toxic volatile organic compounds in 20 homes in Shanghai: Concentrations, inhalation health risks, and the impacts of household air cleaning

Lin, Fang; Norris, Christina; Johnson, Karoline K.; Cui, Xiaojie; Sun, Jiaqi; Teng, Yanbo; Tian, Enze; Xu, Wei; Li, Zhen; Mo, Jinhan; Schauer, James J.; Black, Marilyn; Bergin, Michael; Zhang, Junfeng Jim; Zhang, Yinping

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.047

Cited by 70 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…To estimate the risk associated with inhalation of pollutants, the methodology proposed by the United States Protection Agency (USEPA), and extensively described in the literature (e.g.) [ 41 ], was followed. The assessment refers only to the period at home, since information on the time spent at work or other microenvironments or outdoors was not available.…”

Section: Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine Particulate Matter and Gaseous Compounds in Kitchens and Outdoor Air of Different Dwellings

Alves

Vicente

Oliveira

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Passive diffusion tubes for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls and low volume particulate matter (PM2.5) samplers were used simultaneously in kitchens and outdoor air of four dwellings. PM2.5 filters were analysed for their carbonaceous content (organic and elemental carbon, OC and EC) by a thermo-optical technique and for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and plasticisers by GC-MS. The morphology and chemical composition of selected PM2.5 samples were characterised by SEM-EDS. The mean indoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 14 µg m−3 to 30 µg m−3, while the outdoor levels varied from 18 µg m−3 to 30 µg m−3. Total carbon represented up to 40% of the PM2.5 mass. In general, the indoor OC/EC ratios were higher than the outdoor values. Indoor-to-outdoor ratios higher than 1 were observed for VOCs, carbonyls and plasticisers. PAH levels were much higher in the outdoor air. The particulate material was mainly composed of soot aggregates, fly ashes and mineral particles. The hazard quotients associated with VOC inhalation suggested a low probability of non-cancer effects, while the cancer risk was found to be low, but not negligible. Residential exposure to PAHs was dominated by benzo[a]pyrene and has shown to pose an insignificant cancer risk.

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Section: Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine Particulate Matter and Gaseous Compounds in Kitchens and Outdoor Air of Different Dwellings

Alves

Vicente

Oliveira

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…A study in 10 bedrooms of elderly care centres in Lisbon (Portugal) revealed mean CH 2 O levels ranging from 0.03 to 0.15 mg m À3 (Almeida-Silva et al, 2014). In the USA a mean value of 0.017 mg m À3 was found in 340 bedrooms (Mullen et al, 2016), in Spain a mean value of 0.027 mg m À3 was monitored in 10 bedrooms (Rovira et al, 2016), in Gonabad (Iran) a mean level of 0.149 mg m À3 was registered in 20 bedrooms of new houses (Dehghani et al, 2018) and in Shanghai (China) a mean level of 0.029 mg m À3 was found in 20 bedrooms of asthmatic children (Fang et al, 2019). Overall, the values of the studies conducted in Portugal are slightly higher than the ones reported for other countries.…”

Section: Formaldehydementioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance of indoor air quality during sleep with legislation and guidelines – A case study of Lisbon dwellings

Canha

Alves

Marta

et al. 2020

Environmental Pollution

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This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterisation of the indoor air quality during the sleeping period of 10 couples at Lisbon dwellings, using a multi-pollutant approach, and to understand how the compliance with legislation and guidelines was to assure a good indoor air quality. The assessment of indoor air quality was conducted in the cold season using real time monitors during the sleeping period for comfort parameters (temperature and relative humidity) and air pollutants (carbon dioxide e CO 2 , carbon monoxide e CO, formaldehyde e CH 2 O, total volatile organic compounds e VOCs, and particulate matter e PM 2.5 and PM 10), together with active sampling of bioaerosols (fungi and bacteria) before and after the sleeping period. Lower compliance (less than 50% of the cases) with the Portuguese legislation was found for temperature, CO 2 (3440 ± 1610 mg m À3), VOCs (1.79 ± 0.99 mg m À3) and both bioaerosol types. In 70% of the cases, PM 2.5 (15.3 ± 9.1 mg m À3) exceeded the WHO guideline of 10 mg m À3. All bedrooms presented air change rates above the recommended minimum value of 0.7 h À1 , highlighting that a good indoor air quality during sleep is not guaranteed.

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“…The mean concentrations of benzene were 2.6 and 3.1 μg/m 3 with true and sham filtration, respectively. They have also found that benzene contributes to 13% of the total inhalation cancer risk (Fang et al., 2019). Results showed that air purifier may reduce concentration of a few VOCs in the indoor environment.…”

Section: Indoor Benzene Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment

Sekar

Varghese

Varma

2019

Heliyon

100

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Benzene is a proven carcinogen. Its synergistic action with other pollutants can damage different components of the biosphere. Literature comparing the air quality standards of benzene, its monitoring methods and global concentrations are sparse. This study compiles the worldwide available air quality standards for benzene and highlights the importance of strict and uniform standards all over the world. It was found that out of the 193 United Nation member states, only 53 countries, including the European Union member states, have ambient air quality standard for benzene. Even where standards were available, in most cases, they were not protective of public health. An extensive literature review was conducted to compile the available monitoring and analysis methods for benzene, and found that the most preferred method, i.e, analyzing by Gas Chromatography and Mass spectroscopy is not cost effective and not suitable for real-time continuous monitoring. The study compared the concentrations of benzene in the indoor and outdoor air reported from different countries. Though the higher concentrations of benzene noticed in the survey were mostly from Asian countries, both in the case of indoor and outdoor air, the concentrations were not statistically different across the various continents. Based on the analyzed data, the average benzene level in the ambient air of Asian countries (371 μg/m3) was approximately 3.5 times higher than the indoor benzene levels (111 μg/m3). Similarly, the outdoor to the indoor ratio of benzene level in European and North American Countries were found to be 1.2 and 7.7, respectively. This compilation will help the policymakers to include/revise the standards for benzene in future air quality guideline amendments.

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Toxic volatile organic compounds in 20 homes in Shanghai: Concentrations, inhalation health risks, and the impacts of household air cleaning

Cited by 70 publications

References 52 publications

Fine Particulate Matter and Gaseous Compounds in Kitchens and Outdoor Air of Different Dwellings

Fine Particulate Matter and Gaseous Compounds in Kitchens and Outdoor Air of Different Dwellings

Compliance of indoor air quality during sleep with legislation and guidelines – A case study of Lisbon dwellings

Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment

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