Toxicity of shallow-water Antarctic echinoderms

McClintock, James B.

doi:10.1007/bf00443234

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Similarly, a palatability survey of 81 marine worm species found that the frequency of unpalatability was 2.6 times higher in tropical species compared to warm temperate ones (Kicklighter & Hay 2006). The proportion of species with chemical defense in Arctic marine communities, where predation pressure is low, is also much lower compared to tropical or temperate communities (Lippert et al 2004), but in Antarctica chemical defenses in sponges are common (Amsler et al 2001;McClintock 1987McClintock , 1989.…”

Section: Chemical Warfare In the Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?

Schemske

Mittelbach

Cornell

et al. 2009

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.

1,047

1,178

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biotic interactions are believed to play a role in the origin and maintenance of species diversity, and multiple hypotheses link the latitudinal diversity gradient to a presumed gradient in the importance of biotic interactions. Here we address whether biotic interactions are more important at low latitudes, finding support for this hypothesis from a wide range of interactions. Some of the best-supported examples are higher herbivory and insect predation in the tropics, and predominantly tropical mutualisms such as cleaning symbioses and ant-plant interactions. For studies that included tropical regions, biotic interactions were never more important at high latitudes. Although our results support the hypothesis that biotic interactions are more important in the tropics, additional research is needed, including latitudinal comparisons of rates of molecular evolution for genes involved in biotic interactions, estimates of gradients in interaction strength, and phylogenetic comparisons of the traits that mediate biotic interactions. 245Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2009.40:245-269. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by University of Sussex on 10/02/12. For personal use only.

show abstract

Section: Chemical Warfare In the Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?

Schemske

Mittelbach

Cornell

et al. 2009

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.

1,047

1,178

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another possibility is that the noxious chemicals are byproducts of some physiological process and their anti-predatory activity is fortuitous. McClintock (1989) found that the body-wall tissues of adult D. brucei contain toxins, while those of N. armata do not. The antarctic sea urchins lacked chemical defense in their eggs and embryos at the concentrations tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The body-wall tissue of adult P. fuscus is toxic (McClintock 1989). If the chemicals are also noxious to sympatric fish, the advantages to species which release large, buoyant larvae into the water column seem obvious, as they are few in number and particularly vulnerable to predation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One consequence of slow development in either planktonic or demersal embryos and larvae is prolonged exposure to predation. Evolutionary selection for larval defensemechanisms would be expected to be particularly strong in pelagic lecithotrophic species, which have relatively low fecundities and produce large, brightly colored, conspicuous embryos (McClintock andPearse 1986, Bosch 1989). There is a wide diversity of potential predators of antarctic marine invertebrate embryos or larvae in both the plankton (Foster et al 1987, Garrison 1990) and the benthos (Oliver 1979, DeLaca 1985.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McClintock (1989) has shown that adult antarctic echinoderm species contain toxins. The present study was conducted to ascertain whether the eggs and embryos of antarctic echinoderms, particularly those which develop as large yolky embryos or larvae, contain noxious compounds which may serve to deter predation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata)

McClintock

Vernon

1990

Mar. Biol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Fifteen species of reproductively mature echinoderms (11 sea stars, 3 sea urchins, 1 sea cucumber) were collected from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during austral spring and summer of 1985 and 1986; eggs and embryos were obtained, and were tested for ichthyonoxicity using the common marine killifish Fundulus grandis as a model predator. Chemical deterrents occurred in the large, yolky eggs of the pelagic lecithotrophic sea star Perknasterfuscus and the planktotrophic sea star Porania antarctica. Brooded embryos of the sea stars Diplasterias brucei and Notasterias armata were also noxious. Significant ichthyonoxicity was not detected in the remaining 7 species of sea stars, 3 sea urchins, and I sea cucumber. Chemical deterrents were generally effective at concentrations below a single egg or embryo per agar test-pellet. Although chemicals found in these eggs and embryos are noxious to an allopatric fish, they may not be noxious to sympatric fish.

show abstract

Trace Metals in Antarctic Organisms and the Development of Circumpolar Biomonitoring Networks

Bargagli¹

2001

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toxicity of shallow-water Antarctic echinoderms

Cited by 31 publications

References 33 publications

Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?

Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?

Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata)

Trace Metals in Antarctic Organisms and the Development of Circumpolar Biomonitoring Networks

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About