Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in AIDS

Luft, Benjamin J.; Remington, Jack S.

doi:10.1093/clinids/15.2.211

Cited by 1,173 publications

(798 citation statements)

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“…The issuing of a chronic or latent phase of infection is characterized by the presence of the persistence form (cysts) of the organism in tissues (skeletal muscles, heart and brain). An infected individual who develops a defective cell-mediated immunity is at risk of reactivated infection (1,2,3). In Cameroon such data are scarce, and information used is usually from developed countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma antibodies amongst HIV/AIDS patients attending the University Teaching Hospital Yaounde in Cameroon

Assob¹,

Njunda²,

Nsagha³

et al. 2011

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligatory intracellular protozoon. It causes a wide range of diseases with toxoplasma encephalitis commonly encountered in HIV/AIDS patients. This work was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasma antibodies (IgM and IgG) in HIV/AIDS patients attending the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Cameroon. Sera were collected from 133 HIV/AIDS patients at the out-patient department and the ELISA technique was employed serologically to determine toxoplasma antibodies. Of the 133 patients 83 (62.4%) were females and 59 (37.6%) were males; ninety three (69.9%) were positive for toxoplasma antibodies. Fourteen (10.8%) of the 93 of seropositive patients presented with both IgG and IgM-antibodies in their sera while fifty six (42.1%) and 8 (6.0%) were only sero-positive for toxoplasma IgG or IgM-antibody respectively This rate of infection was not dependent on the patient's sex or age (X 2 =11.49, P>0.05). The data provides enough evidence to conclude that 64.7% of the positive cases were due to reactivated infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma antibodies amongst HIV/AIDS patients attending the University Teaching Hospital Yaounde in Cameroon

Assob¹,

Njunda²,

Nsagha³

et al. 2011

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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“…A doença pode se dar pelo consumo de carne crua ou malcozida e de leite in natura, procedentes de animais contaminados (Dubey 1980, 1996, Sacks et al 1982, Chiari & Neves 1984, Skinner et al 1990, Vitor et al 1991, Luft & Remington 1992, Figueiredo et al 2001.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Avaliação da ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, em soros de caprinos do estado de São Paulo, e associação com variáveis epidemiológicas, problemas reprodutivos e riscos à saúde pública

Modolo

Langoni

Padovani³

et al. 2008

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Objetivando avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, em caprinos leiteiros do estado de São Paulo, e verificar possíveis associações com idade, sexo, presença de gatos, problemas reprodutivos e potenciais riscos à saúde pública, foram considerados soros de 923 caprinos, de ambos os sexos e idade acima de três meses, provenientes de 17 propriedades de diferentes municípios. Para o diagnóstico, utilizou-se a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFIe"16) e, também, um inquérito sobre saúde, a fim de se coletarem informações epidemiológicas e de esfera reprodutiva de todos os capris. Os resultados foram discutidos no nível de 5% de significância. Do total das 17 propriedades, foram diagnosticados 15 focos de T. gondii, com positividade entre 2,70% e 81,25%. Não foram verificadas associações entre freqüência de soropositividade e sexo dos animais nem ocorrência de falhas reprodutivas, nos capris. Constatou-se influência positiva na taxa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii pelo aumento da idade dos caprinos e presença de gatos, nos capris. Além de a enfermidade encontrar-se amplamente difundida no estado de São Paulo, o risco eminente de transmissão de T. gondii à saúde pública também deve ser considerado, uma vez que se encontraram focos onde se comercializavam produtos "in natura", como leite e carne.

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“…One-third of the population in the United States is infected with toxoplasmosis, as is up to 90% of the populations in other countries. T. gondii causes a serious opportunistic disease in AIDS patients, organ transplant recipients, and newborns who acquire the infection in utero (1,2). After infection, T. gondii tachyzoites proliferate and disseminate widely to all organs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cathepsin Cs Are Key for the Intracellular Survival of the Protozoan Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii

Que

Engel

Ferguson

et al. 2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Cysteine proteases play key roles in apicomplexan invasion, organellar biogenesis, and intracellular survival. We have now characterized five genes encoding papain family cathepsins from Toxoplasma gondii, including three cathepsin Cs, one cathepsin B, and one cathepsin L. Unlike endopeptidases cathepsin B and L, T. gondii cathepsin Cs are exopeptidases and remove dipeptides from unblocked N-terminal substrates of proteins or peptides. TgCPC1 was the most highly expressed cathepsin mRNA in tachyzoites (by real-time PCR), but three cathepsins, TgCPC1, TgCPC2, and TgCPB, were undetectable in in vivo bradyzoites. The specific cathepsin C inhibitor, Gly-Phe-dimethylketone, selectively inhibited the TgCPCs activity, reducing parasite intracellular growth and proliferation. The targeted disruption of TgCPC1 does not affect the invasion and growth of tachyzoites as TgCPC2 is then up-regulated and may substitute for TgCPC1. TgCPC1 and TgCPC2 localize to constitutive secretory vesicles of tachyzoites, the dense granules. T. gondii cathepsin Cs are required for peptide degradation in the parasitophorous vacuole as the degradation of the marker protein, Escherichia coli ␤-lactamase, secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole of transgenic tachyzoites was completely inhibited by the cathepsin C inhibitor. Cathepsin C inhibitors also limited the in vivo infection of T. gondii in the chick embryo model of toxoplasmosis. Thus, cathepsin Cs are critical to T. gondii growth and differentiation, and their unique specificities could be exploited to develop novel chemotherapeutic agents.

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Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in AIDS

Cited by 1,173 publications

References 62 publications

Toxoplasma antibodies amongst HIV/AIDS patients attending the University Teaching Hospital Yaounde in Cameroon

Toxoplasma antibodies amongst HIV/AIDS patients attending the University Teaching Hospital Yaounde in Cameroon

Avaliação da ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, em soros de caprinos do estado de São Paulo, e associação com variáveis epidemiológicas, problemas reprodutivos e riscos à saúde pública

Cathepsin Cs Are Key for the Intracellular Survival of the Protozoan Parasite, Toxoplasma gondii

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