Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1)

Abstract

TAK1, Fig. 1 A number of extracellular stimuli including growth factors, cytokines, and environmental stressors stimulate the activation of one or more MAPKKK through receptor-mediated and receptor-independent mechanisms. MAPKKKs then phosphorylate and activate downstream MAPKKs, which in turn phosphorylates and activates MAPKs. Activation of MAPKs leads to further phosphorylation and activation of downstream molecules including transcription factors to mediate a broad range of biological responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell death, and metabolism.