Tracer design for tracking thermal fronts in geothermal reservoirs

Nottebohm, M.; Licha, Tobias; Sauter, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2012.02.002

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…According to Nottebohm et al . [], this reaction follows a (pseudo‐) first order reaction with a reaction rate constant, k , dependent upon temperature as described by the Arrhenius law:

k = A \cdot \exp true(- E_{a} / (R T) true)

where A is the pre‐exponential factor, E a is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. A detailed description of the use of phenyl acetate as a reactive geothermal tracer is described in Nottebohm et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and simulation of heat exchange in fractured bedrock using inert and thermally degrading tracers

Hawkins

Fox

Becker

et al. 2017

Water Resources Research

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Multicomponent groundwater tracer tests were conducted in a well‐characterized field site in Altona, NY using inert carbon‐cored nanoparticles and a thermally degrading phenolic compound. Experiments were conducted in a mesoscale reservoir consisting of a single subhorizontal bedding plane fracture located 7.6 m below ground surface contained between two wells separated by 14.1 m. The reservoir rock, initially at 11.7°C, was heated using 74°C water. During the heating process, a series of tracer tests using thermally degrading tracers were used to characterize the progressive in situ heating of the fracture. Fiber‐Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FODTS) was used to measure temperature rise orthogonal to the fracture surface at 10 locations. Recovery of the thermally degrading tracer's product was increased as the reservoir was progressively heated indicating that the advancement of the thermal front was proportional to the mass fraction of the thermally degrading tracer recovered. Both GPR imaging and FODTS measurements reveal that flow was reduced to a narrow channel which directly connected the two wells and led to rapid thermal breakthrough. Computational modeling of inert tracer and heat transport in a two‐dimensional discrete fracture demonstrate that subsurface characterization using inert tracers alone could not uniquely characterize the Altona field site. However, the inclusion of a thermally degrading tracer may permit accurate subsurface temperature monitoring. At the Altona field site, however, fluid‐rock interactions appear to have increased reaction rates relative to laboratory‐based measurements made in the absence of rock surfaces.

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“…According to Nottebohm et al . [], this reaction follows a (pseudo‐) first order reaction with a reaction rate constant, k , dependent upon temperature as described by the Arrhenius law:

k = A \cdot \exp true(- E_{a} / (R T) true)

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and simulation of heat exchange in fractured bedrock using inert and thermally degrading tracers

Hawkins

Fox

Becker

et al. 2017

Water Resources Research

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“…Thermo-sensitive tracers are compounds undergoing chemical reactions that are well-defined and temperature driven, such as hydrolysis [129][130][131] or thermal decay [132,133]. Prior knowledge on their reaction mechanisms is required for each specific thermo-sensitive tracer.…”

Section: Thermo-sensitive Tracersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies using classical tracers like fluorescein [139] or Amino G [132,133] were able to identify the reservoir temperatures. Currently, extensive research has been conducted to study structure-related kinetics of defined thermo-sensitive reactions with promising results [9,10,130,131,134].…”

Section: Thermo-sensitive Tracersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solute Reactive Tracers for Hydrogeological Applications: A Short Review and Future Prospects

Cao¹,

Schaffer²,

Taherdangkoo

et al. 2020

Water

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Tracer testing is a mature technology used for characterizing aquatic flow systems. To gain more insights from tracer tests a combination of conservative (non-reactive) tracers together with at least one reactive tracer is commonly applied. The reactive tracers can provide unique information about physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of aquatic systems. Although, previous review papers provide a wide coverage on conservative tracer compounds there is no systematic review on reactive tracers yet, despite their extensive development during the past decades. This review paper summarizes the recent development in compounds and compound classes that are exploitable and/or have been used as reactive tracers, including their systematization based on the underlying process types to be investigated. Reactive tracers can generally be categorized into three groups: (1) partitioning tracers, (2) kinetic tracers, and (3) reactive tracers for partitioning. The work also highlights the potential for future research directions. The recent advances from the development of new tailor-made tracers might overcome existing limitations.

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“…Currently, there is an increasing demand for reactive tracers with thermo-sensitive properties for improved reservoir management in geothermal systems with thermal drawdown. Promising tracer candidates are compounds susceptible to undergoing hydrolysis, which are of greater interest for geothermal applications [ 20 , 21 ]. This is mainly caused by the fact that the reservoir temperature is not directly accessible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To fill these gaps and to improve the general applicability of thermo-sensitive tracers, a wide spectrum of hydrolyzable compounds with thermo-sensitive properties was synthesized in our working group. The concept of structure-dependent kinetics learnt from phenolic esters [ 20 ] was transferred to carbamates. Their thermally induced hydrolysis leads to well known reaction products with fluorescent properties in a first-order reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Synthesis of Readily Water-Soluble Sulfonic Acid Carbamates

2015

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A series of various readily water-soluble carbamates were synthesized with good yields. These compounds are useful chemical tracers for assessing the cooling progress in a georeservoir during geothermal power plant operation. Acylation of primary amines was carried out as well as using a solution of sodium bicarbonate and without the presence of salt. Products were characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Purity was confirmed through elemental analysis.

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Tracer design for tracking thermal fronts in geothermal reservoirs

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

Measurement and simulation of heat exchange in fractured bedrock using inert and thermally degrading tracers

Measurement and simulation of heat exchange in fractured bedrock using inert and thermally degrading tracers

Solute Reactive Tracers for Hydrogeological Applications: A Short Review and Future Prospects

Efficient Synthesis of Readily Water-Soluble Sulfonic Acid Carbamates

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