Trade-off between cellular immunity and life span in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor

Krams, Indriķis; Daukšte, Janīna; Kivleniece, Inese; Kaasik, Ants; Krama, Tatjana; Freeberg, Todd M.; Rantala, Markus J.

doi:10.1093/czoolo/59.3.340

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…During the encapsulation reaction, the organism acts via its cellular and humoral responses. Hemocytes phagocytose small foreign particles, or attach themselves to large foreign objects (Gupta, ; Kanost, ; Krams et al., ). The foreign object may become completely encapsulated and isolated from other host tissues as hemocytes attach to its surface and ultimately enclose it (Grimstone et al., ; Lavine & Strand, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food quality affects the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes upon simulated parasite attack in the larvae of greater wax moth

Krams

Kecko

Inashkina

et al. 2017

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Predator‐prey interactions are an important evolutionary force affecting the immunity of the prey. Parasitoids and mites pierce the cuticle of their prey, which respond by activating their immune system against predatory attacks. Immunity is a costly function for the organism, as it often competes with other life‐history traits for limited nutrients. We tested whether the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) of the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) changes as a consequence of insertion of a nylon monofilament, which acts like a synthetic parasite. The treatment was done for larvae grown on a high‐quality vs. a low‐quality diet. The expression of Gloverin and 6‐tox were upregulated in response to the insertion of the nylon monofilament. The expression of 6‐tox, Cecropin‐D, and Gallerimycin were significantly higher in the ‘low‐quality diet’ group than in the ‘high‐quality diet’ group. As food quality seems to affect AMP gene expression in G. mellonella larvae, it should always be controlled for in studies on bacterial and fungal infections in G. mellonella.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food quality affects the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes upon simulated parasite attack in the larvae of greater wax moth

Krams

Kecko

Inashkina

et al. 2017

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…Balancing infection risks with the costs of melanization can result in trade‐offs affecting traits such as body size and developmental time (Rantala and Roff ) as well as longevity (Krams et al. ). Melanization has also been observed to be reduced in animals engaged in reproduction (Siva‐Jothy et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predation risk increases immune response in a larval dragonfly (Leucorrhinia intacta)

Duong

McCauley

2016

Ecology

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Predators often negatively affect prey performance through indirect, non-consumptive effects. We investigated the potential relationship between predator-induced stress and prey immune response. To test this, we administered a synthetic immune challenge into dragonfly larvae (Leucorrhinia intacta) and assessed a key immune response (level of encapsulation) in the presence and absence of a caged predator (Anax junius) at two temperatures (22 degrees C and 26 degrees C). We hypothesized that immune response would be lowered when predators were present due to lowered allocation of resources to immune function and leading to reduced encapsulation of the synthetic immune challenge. Contrary to our expectations, larvae exposed to caged predators had encapsulated monofilaments significantly more than larvae not exposed to caged predators. Levels of encapsulation did not differ across temperatures, nor interact with predator exposure. Our results suggest that the previously observed increase in mortality of L. intacta exposed to caged predators is not driven by immune suppression. In situations of increased predation risk, the exposure to predator cues may induce higher levels of melanin production, which could lead to physiological damage and high energetic costs. However, the costs and risks of increased allocations to immune responses and interactions with predation stress remain unknown.

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“…As in other studies (Kapari et al ., ; Contreras‐Garduño et al ., ; Krams et al ., ), melanin deposition increased with the challenge duration (0.027 ± 0.008, F 1,23.4 = 11.16, P = 0.003; Fig. S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Immune deployment increases larval vulnerability to predators and inhibits adult life‐history traits in a dragonfly

Moore

Lis

Martin

2018

J of Evolutionary Biology

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While deploying immune defences early in ontogeny can trade-off with the production and maintenance of other important traits across the entire life cycle, it remains largely unexplored how features of the environment shape the magnitude or presence of these lifetime costs. Greater predation risk during the juvenile stage may particularly influence such costs by (1) magnifying the survival costs that arise from any handicap of juvenile avoidance traits and/or (2) intensifying allocation trade-offs with important adult traits. Here, we tested for predator-dependent costs of immune deployment within and across life stages using the dragonfly, Pachydiplax longipennis. We first examined how larval immune deployment affected two traits associated with larval vulnerability to predators: escape distance and foraging under predation risk. Larvae that were induced to mount an immune response had shorter escape distances but lower foraging activity in the presence of predator cues. We also induced immune responses in larvae and reared them through emergence in mesocosms that differed in the presence of large predatory dragonfly larvae (Aeshnidae spp.). Immune-challenged larvae had later emergence overall and lower survival in pools with predators. Immune-challenged males were also smaller at emergence and developed less sexually selected melanin wing coloration, but these effects were independent of predator treatment. Overall, these results highlight how mounting an immune defence early in ontogeny can have substantial ecological and physiological costs that manifest both within and across life stages.

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Trade-off between cellular immunity and life span in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor

Cited by 28 publications

References 55 publications

Food quality affects the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes upon simulated parasite attack in the larvae of greater wax moth

Food quality affects the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes upon simulated parasite attack in the larvae of greater wax moth

Predation risk increases immune response in a larval dragonfly (Leucorrhinia intacta)

Immune deployment increases larval vulnerability to predators and inhibits adult life‐history traits in a dragonfly

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