Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Tunisia

Mahmood, Haider; Maalel, Nabil; Zarrad, Olfa

doi:10.3390/su11123295

Cited by 121 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Third, changes in the input mix may well be related to the substitution of less environmentally damaging inputs to production for more damaging inputs, and vice versa. Another significant factor is the trade openness and specifically the increasing trade openness in the case of Tunisia, which is validated as statistically significant with both linear and nonlinear ARDL [22]. Four, it is noteworthy that the improvements in the state of technology, especially those changes in production efficiency and emissions-specific changes in process that result in less pollutant emitted per unit of input.…”

Section: Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (Ekc)mentioning

confidence: 77%

Revising the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Deforestation: An Empirical Study for Bulgaria

et al. 2019

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The evolution of human societies along with efforts to enhance economic welfare may well lead to the deterioration of the environment. Deforestation is a usual process throughout evolution that poses pressing and potentially irreversible environmental risks, despite the ecological and modernization processes that aim to limit those risks. The economic growth–environmental degradation relationship—namely, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis—is studied in alignment with the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The novelty of the study is attributed to the use of the carbon emissions equivalent derived by deforestation as an index for environmental degradation in Bulgaria as a new entrant into the European Union (EU). In addition, we use the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as a proxy for income, being determined as an independent variable. Research findings cannot validate the inverted U-shape of the EKC hypothesis; instead, an inverted N pattern is confirmed. The implementation of appropriate policies aiming at the protection of the environment through the diversification of economic activities is related to the use of forest land and other resources, or related sectors (agroforestry, ecotourism activities, and scientific research), rather than only the direct utilization of forested areas; the limitation of afforestation processes and their negative impacts on citizens’ welfare are also addressed.

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Section: Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (Ekc)mentioning

confidence: 77%

Revising the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Deforestation: An Empirical Study for Bulgaria

et al. 2019

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“…The ARDL model was also extensively and successfully implemented in prior studies to investigate the inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions [76][77][78][79][80][81]. VI.…”

Section: Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Our pioneer study is aimed at investigating the role of the service sector in affecting sustainable environment in Pakistan. Using time series data over 1971–2014 and applying an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model with structural break analysis, we establish a long-term equilibrium relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with energy consumption, income level, services and trade openness. Our findings support a service-induced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Pakistan. The income level sharply raises environmental degradation at the early stage; however, after reaching a certain threshold, it improves environmental quality but at a lower rate. There exists an inverted U-shaped nexus between services and CO2 emissions, which implies that the service sector is less energy-intensive in terms of mitigating pollution in Pakistan. Moreover, the energy consumption has an inverted U-shaped effect on carbon emissions, which implies energy efficiencies and adoption of renewable energy has reduced pollution in the long run. The trade openness increases CO2 emissions in both the short term and long term. The quadratic term of income level has a negatively inelastic impact on CO2 emissions, which implies a very slow rate of improvement in environmental quality. On the other hand, the quadratic term of services shows a highly elastic impact on pollution, which induces the EKC hypothesis. Our robustness checks such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (OLS), and Toda and Yamamoto (TY) causality tests further confirm the existence of the service-induced EKC hypothesis in Pakistan. Moreover, there exists a unidirectional causality from energy consumption to CO2 emissions, a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions, and a unidirectional causal linkage between services and CO2 emissions. Lastly, we discuss certain policy implications for designing appropriate environmental and energy policies to mitigate the pollution in Pakistan.

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“…Whenever an economic activity takes place in a country, the energy sector is inclined to receive some of the most intense results which can impact the domain in a positive or a negative way. It is mentioned by Mahmood et al (2019c) that there seems to be a relationship between the energy sector and trade openness. The country they selected for the analysis was Tunisia and data from 1971-2014 was analysed to get to the results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy consumption, economic growth and pollution in Saudi Arabia

Mahmood¹,

Alkhateeb²,

Al-Qahtani³

et al. 2020

10.5267/j.msl

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Economic growth is very basic need of any economy but its environmental effects should not be ignored. We investigate the environmental effects of economic growth and energy consumption of Saudi Arabia. The study uses data of a period 1968-2014 and cointegration test and corroborates a long-and short-run relationships. The results indicate that economic growth and energy consumption contributes in CO2 emissions in both long-and short-run. It means that increasing economic growth of the Kingdom has social cost on the economy in terms of pollution emissions. Based on findings, we recommend to use the alternative renewable sources of energy consumption to avoid the pollution effects of growth in Saudi Arabia.

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Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Tunisia

Cited by 121 publications

References 34 publications

Revising the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Deforestation: An Empirical Study for Bulgaria

Revising the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Deforestation: An Empirical Study for Bulgaria

Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

Energy consumption, economic growth and pollution in Saudi Arabia

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