Traditional roofing with sandstone slabs: Implications for the safeguarding of vernacular architecture

Degradation and conservation of clay-containing stone: A review

“…1a-b) [62], ancient Egyptian limestone sculptures and stelae in the British Museum (London, UK), Metropolitan Museum (New York, USA) and Phoebe Hearst Museum (Berkeley, USA) [8,9], carved limestone rocks at the royal tomb of Seti I, Valley of the Kings, Luxor (Egypt) [67], or limestone rainscreen walls in a modern building in Valencia (Spain) [68]; in several types of sandstones, such as Villamayor [58,69] and Tarifa (Spain) (Fig. 1c-d) [47,48], Meules (France) [70], Portland Brownstone (USA) [10], Villarlod Molasse (Switzerland) [10], several German sandstones [49,71], Macigno sandstone (Italy) [46,72], Angkor Wat sandstone (Myanmar) [73,74] and Petra sandstone (Jordan) [75], as well as in sandstone used for roof tiling in NE Spain [76]; and very commonly, in volcaniclastic tuff stones [50]. This is for instance the case of tuffs making up the Moai sculptures in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [45], Missions in California (USA) [77], ancient Roman and Ottoman constructions [78], as well as several monuments in central Europe [50,79,80] and Anatolia [50], including the Fairy Chimneys of Cappadocia (Turkey) [81], or some pre-Hispanic structures and colonial buildings in Mexico [82,83] and the Maya structures, sculptures and hieroglyphs in Copan (Honduras) (Fig.…”

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

“…The traditional techniques and the conditions in which the heritage stones have been extracted from the historical quarry, carved and placed in the monument are key to understanding its deterioration and conservation. The challenges of heritage stone research in the 21st century are: climate change mitigation, monitoring, remote sensing [238][239][240][241], adaptation [242], restoring after conflicts, disasters, or pandemics, the achievement of sustainable development goals [243][244][245][246][247][248][249], and most importantly, the preservation of a legacy for the future.…”