Traffic-related air pollution increased the risk of Parkinson's disease in Taiwan: A nationwide study

Lee, Pei Chen; Liu, Li Ling; Sun, Yu; Chen, Yu An; Liu, Chih‐Ching; Li, Chung‐Yi; Yu, Hsiu‐Ying; Ritz, Beate

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.017

Cited by 88 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The presence of the following comorbidities was determined using diagnosis codes within 1 year before the index date: coronary heart disease (CHD; ICD-9-CM 410–414), stroke (ICD-9-CM 430–438), kidney disease (ICD-9-CM 580–589), atrial fibrillation (ICD-9-CM 427.3), depression (ICD-9-CM 296.2–296.3, 300.4, and 311), anxiety (ICD-9-CM 300.0, 300.2–300.3, 308.3, and 309.81 ), heart failure (ICD-9-CM 428), alcoholism (ICD-9-CM 303 and 305.0), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; ICD-9-CM 490–496), and obesity (ICD-9-CM 278, 278.0, 278.00, and 278.01). The variables of insurance amount and COPD were used as proxies for socioeconomic status and smoking status, respectively [ 29 ]. In addition, these covariates were adjusted in the statistical models.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased dementia risk predominantly in diabetes mellitus rather than in hypertension or hyperlipidemia: a population-based cohort study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe pathophysiology of insulin resistance-induced hypertension and hyperlipidemia might entail differences in dementia risk in cases with hypertension and hyperlipidemia without prior diabetes mellitus (DM). This study investigated whether incident hypertension, incident hyperlipidemia, or both, increased the dementia risk in patients with and without DM.MethodsA nationwide retrospective cohort study was conducted. The study sample was obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database. We enrolled 10,316 patients with a new diagnosis of DM between 2000 and 2002 in the DM cohort. For the same period, we randomly selected 41,264 patients without DM in the non-DM cohort (matched by age and sex at a 1:4 ratio with the DM cohort). Both cohorts were then separately divided into four groups on the basis of incident hypertension or incident hyperlipidemia status.ResultsIn total, 51,580 patients aged between 20 and 99 years were enrolled. The dementia risk was higher in the DM cohort than in the non-DM cohort (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30–1.67, p < 0.001). In the DM cohort, the dementia risk in patients with both hypertension and hyperlipidemia did not significantly increase compared with that in those without hypertension and hyperlipidemia (p = 0.529). Similar results were observed in those with either hypertension (p = 0.341) or hyperlipidemia (p = 0.189). In the non-DM cohort, patients with both hypertension and hyperlipidemia had a higher dementia risk (adjusted HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.09–1.63, p = 0.006). The results remained largely unchanged in patients with only hypertension (adjusted HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.05–1.40, p = 0.008). However, the dementia risk did not increase significantly in patients with only hyperlipidemia (p = 0.187).ConclusionsThe development of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or both, following a diagnosis of incident diabetes is secondary to diabetes onset and likely mediated through insulin resistance associated with diabetes, which does not further accentuate dementia risk. DM itself (i.e., the systemic influence of hyperglycemia) might be the main driver of increased dementia risk.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased dementia risk predominantly in diabetes mellitus rather than in hypertension or hyperlipidemia: a population-based cohort study

et al. 2017

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“…Therefore, it is plausible to hypothesize that airborne pollutants may contribute to PD pathogenesis by initiating ␣-synuclein neuropathology in the olfactory system, which may later progress to PD in the context of brain aging [33]. Epidemiological evidence on air pollutants and PD is provocative, but limited and somewhat inconsistent [34][35][36][37]. Interestingly, ␣-synuclein aggregates were observed in the olfactory bulb of toddlers, children, teens, and young adults who prematurely died in Mexico City where air pollution is high [38].…”

Section: Air Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Search for Environmental Causes of Parkinson’s Disease: Moving Forward

Chen

Ritz

2018

JPD

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It is widely believed that environmental exposures contribute to the vast majority of late-onset sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), alone or via interactions with genetic factors. The search for environmental causes of PD has however been hampered by lack of understanding the prodromal phase of PD development and the difficulties in exposure assessment during this prolonged period. On the other hand, the existence of this prodromal period, along with an increasingly better understanding of PD prodromal symptoms, provides an exciting opportunity to identify environmental factors that initiate PD pathogenesis and/or modify its progression. For prevention efforts, this prodromal stage is of a major interest. Targeting factors that enter the body via the nose or gut has become even more important since the discovery of ␣-synuclein aggregates in the enteric and olfactory nervous systems. In this paper, we speculate about novel research hypotheses and approaches that may help us better define the role of environment in PD etiology, especially during its extended and complex prodromal phase.

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“…There also are some possibilities for residual confounding by personal and second-hand smoking in studies or air pollution and PD. For example, Lee et al (37) found significant associations with pollution exposure among non-smokers, which were not seen in smokers. However, in their prospective cohort studies, Palacios et al (35,36,42) found no significant associations between air PM air pollution and PD in stratified analyses or interactions with smoking.…”

Section: Second-hand (Passive) Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution and Parkinson’s disease – evidence and future directions

Palacios

2017

Reviews on Environmental Health

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AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology that is thought to be caused by a complex combination of environmental and/or genetic factors. Air pollution exposure is linked to numerous adverse effects on human health, including brain inflammation and oxidative stress, processes that are believed to contribute to the development and progression of PD. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the epidemiology of air pollution and PD, including evidence of the effects of various pollutants (ozone, PM

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Traffic-related air pollution increased the risk of Parkinson's disease in Taiwan: A nationwide study

Cited by 88 publications

References 36 publications

Increased dementia risk predominantly in diabetes mellitus rather than in hypertension or hyperlipidemia: a population-based cohort study

Increased dementia risk predominantly in diabetes mellitus rather than in hypertension or hyperlipidemia: a population-based cohort study

The Search for Environmental Causes of Parkinson’s Disease: Moving Forward

Air pollution and Parkinson’s disease – evidence and future directions

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