Trail-Using Ant Behavior Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Swarm Intelligence (SI) observes the collective behavior of social insects and other animal societies. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is one of the popular algorithms in SI. In the last decade, several routing protocols based on ACO algorithm have been developed for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Such routing protocols are very flexible in distributed system but generate a lot of additional traffic and thus increase communication overhead. This paper proposes a new routing protocol reducing the overhead to provide energy efficiency. The proposed protocol adopts not only the foraging behavior of ant colony but also the trail-using behavior which has never been adopted in routing. By employing the behaviors, the protocol establishes and manages the routing trails energy efficiently in the whole network. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has low communication overhead and reduces up to 55% energy consumption compared to the existing ACO algorithm.

Energy‐aware intelligent hybrid routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

“…This section records and compares the performance of the proposed protocol with those of Trail-Ants, 12 Cluster-Tree, 20 and EM-Leach 23 routing protocols. Trail-Ants is chosen since it uses the ACO.…”

“…4. The results of the proposed routing technique are compared with those of three other state-of-the-art routing algorithms 12,20,23 in terms of several performance metrics such as network lifetime, first dead node, total consumed energy, and goodput.…”

“…For more details regarding the ACO and A* algorithms, readers are recommended to read. 12,21 The evaluation function of the hybrid protocol considers the residual energy of the nodes and the distance to the BS to decide the optimal route. In addition, the merits of clustering are exploited to balance energy consumption among network nodes and to aggregate the data by the CH.…”

A Novel Routing Technique for Congestion Avoidance in WSN using Bat Algorithm

“…In the paper [3], Opportunistic routing protocols (ORP) uses the broadcasting nature of wireless sensor network. In order to achieve higher energy efficiency author has proposed in paper [4], the usage of swarm intelligence, which observes the collective behavior of social insects and other animal societies. In paper [2], author has discussed a technique to handle the congestion and find the optimal path to reach destination in vehicular adhoc network, using bat algorithm.…”

Research on Interference Optimization Mechanism of Wireless Routing Signal Transmission Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method

“…Through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the candidate node, those that are selected out will be more suitable to the next-hop competition. In this way, the CTS interference probability will be reduced effectively, and the forwarding efficiency will be improved remarkably [19]. In addition, this mechanism is also easy to adjust fuzzy evaluation parameters and the number of candidate nodes participating in the competition, thus effectively avoiding the influence of node density on node selection.…”