Trained Immunity as an Adaptive Branch of Innate Immunity

Větvička, Václav; Šíma, Petr; Vannucci, Luca

doi:10.3390/ijms221910684

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…Po celá desetiletí imunologové předpokládali, že přirozená imunita na rozdíl od imunity specifické není vybavena žádným typem imunologické paměti. V posledních letech se však nashromáždilo mnoho přesvědčivých důkazů, které dosvědčují přítomnost imunologické paměti také u tohoto typu imunity, což neznamená nic jiného, než že buňky zabezpečující přirozené obranné mechanismy jsou rovněž vybaveny adaptivní schopností, to znamená, že si pamatují cizí molekulární vzory PAMPs a DAMPs, se kterými se už dříve setkaly a jsou schopny je specificky rozpoznat a také na ně adekvátně odpovědět obranou reakcí a neutralizovat je (22).…”

Section: Také Přirozená Nespecifická Imunita Má Imunologickou Paměťunclassified

Nutrition as primary prevention of communicable diseases?

Šíma¹,

Bencko²,

Kajaba³

2022

Hygiena

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Článek je připomínkou, že vedle klasických hygienických protiepidemických opatření existuje možnost prevence sdělných (nakažlivých, infekčních) nemocí, ale i nesdělných, chronických chorob, účelně zaměřenými výživovými programy. Již od starověku, kdy příčiny ani podstata nemocí nebyly známy (takže nemohly být k dispozici ani přesně směrované léky, natož antibiotika), byla jedinou možností, jak předcházet a léčit nemoci, úprava výživy. Nutriční podpora zdraví se sice mnohokrát osvědčila, ale jak je pro historii medicíny typické, občas se na to zapomínalo. Již Hippokrates (460-377 př. n. l.) si uvědomoval význam výživy pro zdraví, když připomínal: "Když nevíš nic o stravě člověka, jak můžeš porozumět jeho nemoci?". Autoři se zde pokusili poukázat na význam nutrice, která vždy obsahuje antigeny přímo indukující imunologickou paměť v našem největším orgánu imunity, lymfoidní tkáni těsně nasedající na střevo (GALT), a to jak imunity specifické (adaptivní), tak také, jak bylo nedávno prokázáno, i imunity nespecifické (přirozené). Ve své podstatě znamená tedy přijímání potravy vedle její výživové hodnoty také neustále probíhající vakcinaci.

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Section: Také Přirozená Nespecifická Imunita Má Imunologickou Paměťunclassified

Nutrition as primary prevention of communicable diseases?

Šíma¹,

Bencko²,

Kajaba³

2022

Hygiena

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“…The body’s immunity, including innate immunity and acquired specific immunity, is the key to resisting virus invasion. Innate immunity is the body’s first defense against viruses, and it is also the basis for the body’s specific immunity [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 evading host antiviral innate immunity

Gan

et al. 2022

Virol J

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The newly identified Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global health emergency (COVID-19) because of its rapid spread and high mortality. Since the virus epidemic, many pathogenic mechanisms have been revealed, and virus-related vaccines have been successfully developed and applied in clinical practice. However, the pandemic is still developing, and new mutations are still emerging. Virus pathogenicity is closely related to the immune status of the host. As innate immunity is the body’s first defense against viruses, understanding the inhibitory effect of SARS-CoV-2 on innate immunity is of great significance for determining the target of antiviral intervention. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 escapes the host immune system, including suppressing innate immune production and blocking adaptive immune priming. Here, on the one hand, we devoted ourselves to summarizing the combined action of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines to fine-tune the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related immunopathogenesis. On the other hand, we focused on the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 on innate immunity, including enhancing viral adhesion, increasing the rate of virus invasion, inhibiting the transcription and translation of immune-related mRNA, increasing cellular mRNA degradation, and inhibiting protein transmembrane transport. This review on the underlying mechanism should provide theoretical support for developing future molecular targeted drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, SARS-CoV-2 is a completely new virus, and people’s understanding of it is in the process of rapid growth, and various new studies are also being carried out. Although we strive to make our review as inclusive as possible, there may still be incompleteness.

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“…In addition, NK cells seem to have a part in the “innate immune memory” by way of epigenetic reprogramming of transcription factors that leads to metabolic changes. Some of these factors, such as H3 histone lysin 4 monomethylation or Set7 methyltransferase, were reviewed in the context of trained immunity [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Evaluation of Natural Killer Cells Subpopulations in COVID-19 Patients

Huţanu

Manu

Gabor

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamic changes of the total Natural Killer (NK) cells and different NK subpopulations according to their differentiated expression of CD16/CD56 in COVID-19 patients. Blood samples with EDTA were analyzed on day 1 (admission moment), day 5, and day 10 for the NK subtypes. At least 30,000 singlets were collected for each sample and white blood cells were gated in CD45/SSC and CD16/CD56 dot plots of fresh human blood. From the lymphocyte singlets, the NK cells subpopulations were analyzed based on the differentiated expression of surface markers and classified as follows: CD16-CD56+/++/CD16+CD56++/CD16+CD56+/CD16++CD56−. By examining the CD56 versus CD16 flow cytometry dot plots, we found four distinct NK sub-populations. These NK subtypes correspond to different NK phenotypes from secretory to cytolytic ones. There was no difference between total NK percentage of different disease forms. However, the total numbers decreased significantly both in survivors and non-survivors. Additionally, for the CD16-CD56+/++ phenotype, we observed different patterns, gradually decreasing in survivors and gradually increasing in those with fatal outcomes. Despite no difference in the proportion of the CD16−CD56++ NK cells in survivors vs. non–survivors, the main cytokine producers gradually decline during the study period in the survival group, underling the importance of adequate IFN production during the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Persistency in the circulation of CD56++ NK cells may have prognostic value in patients, with a fatal outcome. Total NK cells and the CD16+CD56+ NK subtypes exhibit significant decreasing trends across the moments for both survivors and non-survivors.

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Trained Immunity as an Adaptive Branch of Innate Immunity

Cited by 9 publications

References 111 publications

Nutrition as primary prevention of communicable diseases?

Nutrition as primary prevention of communicable diseases?

The molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 evading host antiviral innate immunity

Dynamic Evaluation of Natural Killer Cells Subpopulations in COVID-19 Patients

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