Trans-Himalayan Trade in an Imperial Environment

Bergmann, Christoph

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29707-1_2

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 57 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As early as the 16th century, Roman Catholic missionaries crossed the Himalayas from northern India and Nepal to enter Ngari, Shigatse, and Lhasa in Tibet, China, to go on a missionary, and tried to explore a trade route from Europe through the Middle East, India, and Tibet to the Chinese mainland (Wu, 1992). In the 18th century, the British East India Company dispatched George Bogle and Samuel Turner into Tibet from Bengal in an attempt to open up a trade route with Tibet (Bergmann, 2016a). These attempts, however, failed for a variety of reasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary process and development implications of traditional trade routes in the Himalayan region

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2022

J. Geogr. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Traditional trade routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are critical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets. Research on these trade routes can contribute significantly to facilitating the construction of the South Asian Corridor and enhancing trans-Himalayan connectivity. Combining historical literature, field surveys, and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution process of the routes, focusing on transverse valleys of the Himalayan arc. The key findings were as follows. First, there are 21 traditional trade routes traversing the Himalayan region: six Sino-Nepalese routes, four Sino-Bhutanese routes, and eleven Sino-Indian routes. Second, the evolution of traditional trade routes has entailed five distinct phases: an incipient period (pre-7th century), formation (7th century-842 AD), development (842-1959), decline (1959-1962) and recovery (1962-present). Third, the incipient and formative developmental phases were prompted by the spread of Buddhism and the exchange of goods. The stability of local governments in Tibet and Central China and favourable border trade policies along with Britain's colonial expansion and commercial interests stimulated further development of traditional trade routes. However, India's strategic miscalculation and "Forward Policy" instigated the decline phase, while the demands of regional cooperation and development are currently the key drivers of the restoration and construction phase. Finally, to shelve disputes, promote cooperation and development, and enhance political mutual trust, governments should recover and construct traditional trade routes by replanning and constructing border trade markets, expanding border trade, developing pilgrimage and tourism, and strengthening cross-border cooperative research under global climate change.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%