Transcellular Barriers to Glucose Delivery in the Body

Abstract

Glucose is the universal fuel of most mammalian cells, and it is largely replenished through dietary intake. Glucose availability to tissues is paramount for the maintenance of homeostatic energetics and, hence, supply should match demand by the consuming organs. In its journey through the body, glucose encounters cellular barriers for transit at the levels of the absorbing intestinal epithelial wall, the renal epithelium mediating glucose reabsorption, and the tight capillary endothelia (especially in the brain). Glucose transiting through these cellular barriers must escape degradation to ensure optimal glucose delivery to the bloodstream or tissues. The liver, which stores glycogen and generates glucose de novo, must similarly be able to release it intact to the circulation. We present the most up-to-date knowledge on glucose handling by the gut, liver, brain endothelium, and kidney, and discuss underlying molecular mechanisms and open questions. Diseases associated with defects in glucose delivery and homeostasis are also briefly addressed. We propose that the universal problem of sparing glucose from catabolism in favor of translocation across the barriers posed by epithelia and endothelia is resolved through common mechanisms involving glucose transfer to the endoplasmic reticulum, from where glucose exits the cells via unconventional cellular mechanisms.

Pt Single-Atom Catalyst on Co3O4 for the Electrocatalytic Detection of Glucose

“…Glucose is a simple monosaccharide that is widely present in nature and serves as one of the important sources of energy within cells, which can generate energy through metabolism . Therefore, we planned to utilize Co 3 O 4 /Pt SAs for glucose sensing (Figure.…”

“…Glucose is a simple monosaccharide that is widely present in nature and serves as one of the important sources of energy within cells, which can generate energy through metabolism. 26 Subsequently, the charge transfer and electron transfer of Co 3 O 4 /Pt SAs were further evaluated. As shown in Figure 3D, the scan rate and peak current exhibited a linear relationship.…”

Recent Advances in the Degradability and Applications of Tissue Adhesives Based on Biodegradable Polymers

“…When amylose starch is degraded, the end product is mainly glucose, and when amylopectin is degraded, the end product includes α-dextrin. The glucose produced by degradation provides essential energy for the body [141].…”