Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Executive Function in Athletes: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has gained attention as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique with potential to enhance cognitive and executive functions in various populations, including athletes. In this review, we examined the effects of tDCS on cognitive and executive functions in athletes. Risky decision-making is a critical aspect of athletic performance, influencing choices related to strategy, tactics, and responses during gameplay. tDCS can improve decision-making abilities in athletes, particularly when targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Enhanced DLPFC activity improves accuracy, speeds decision-making, and reduces impulsive choices. However, the effects of tDCS are also influenced by other factors such as electrode placement, stimulation parameters, and individual differences. Optimal protocol standardization and individualized approaches can maximize the benefits of tDCS in athletes. We also discussed the potential implications of tDCS for cognitive functions in sports and identified areas for future research.