Transcranial low‐frequency pulsating electromagnetic fields (T‐PEMF) as post‐concussion syndrome treatment

Abstract

A small but significant number of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) result in development of persistent prolonged symptoms, including cognitive deficits, headaches, and mental fatigue. 1 Such symptoms are called post-concussion syndrome (PCS), usually diagnosed according to the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM)-IV. However, the concept of PCS as one unique syndrome is debated, and it remains unclear clear why and who develops PCS. 2 The majority of studies use the term PCS to describe persistent concussion symptoms over 3 months following a non-penetrating direct or indirect blow to the head accompanied by loss of consciousness or alterations in mental state for <30 minutes. 1 Current management of PCS consists of a multidisciplinary approach of pharmaceutical treatment, vestibular and vision rehabilitation, cognitive behavioral therapy and physical therapy. A meta-analysis from 2018 of PCS intervention, however, found evidence of concussion treatment limited. 2 Treatment with low-frequency pulsating electromagnetic fields (PEMF) is a non-invasive, self-administered method best known from treatment of non-union long bone fractures where accelerated bone