Transcranial magnetic stimulation-based closed-loop modality for activity of daily living gain in spinal cord injury: a retrospective study using propensity score matching analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-based closed-loop (TBCL) modality was seldom recommended for functional restoring following spinal cord injury (SCI), several studies recently came to a positive suggestion. AIM To explore the independent factors which influence activity of daily living (ADL) gain, and systematically investigate the efficacy of TBCL for ADL gain. DESIGN A retrospective observational study. SETTING The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. POPULATION SCI patients with neurological dysfunction. METHODS A total of 768 patients who received TBCL (N.=548) or sole rehabilitation (SR, N.=220) were enrolled. Analysis on propensity score matching was also performed. Finally, the cumulative inefficiencies between TBCL and SR within entire patient population, matched-patients as well as subgroup on per SCI clinical characteristics were performed. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed that thoracolumbar injury, single/double injury, incomplete injury, no neurogenic bladder, no neurogenic intestinal and no respiratory disorder, as well as TBCL strategy were independent positive factors for ADL gain. Meanwhile, TBCL strategy was the outstanding positive factor. TBCL caused a lower cumulative inefficiency over SR at 1, 90 and 180 days (83.2% vs . 86.8%, 54.0% vs . 63.6%, and 38.3% vs . 50.9%, respectively; all P<0.05). Propensity matching also found TBCL caused a lower cumulative inefficiency over SR after 1, 90 and 180 days (82.4% vs . 86.4%, 51.1% vs . 62.5%, and 33.5% vs . 49.4%, respectively; all P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that TBCL caused a greater ADL gain regardless of injured site, segments of injury and injured extent, as well as whether concurrent with neurogenic bladder, neurogenic intestinal and respiratory disorder (all P<0.05). Further, TBCL was more effective in 180-days overall ADL gain within each subgroup (all P<0.05), except the subgroup whether concurrent with respiratory disorder (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that TBCL strategy was the most outstanding independent positive factors for ADL gain. Further, TBCL is a better choice than SR in ADL gain for SCI-relevant neurological dysfunctions in case of adequate stimuli distance and individual temperature, regardless of discrepancy of clinical feature. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT This study helps to improve everyday management for rehabilitative intervention on SCI. For another thing, the present study may be good for neuromodulation practice on function restoring in SCI rehabilitation clinics.