“…In fact, most reported CSAS tolerance mechanisms in plants are similar to salt stress or alkali stress tolerance mechanisms, such as accumulating organic acids to bring down the pH around the roots and inhibit the precipitation of metal ions and phosphate [ 4 , 5 ], accumulating more osmolytes (proline, soluble sugars, betaine and soluble proteins) to adjust osmosis balance [ 6 ], increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], and regulating stomatal closure through ABA-induced pathway [ 9 , 10 ]. Many related studies for saline–alkali stress are performed using NaHCO 3 stress on the species including Salix linearistipularis , Chlorella vulgaris , Arabidopsis thaliana , Glycine soja and Medicago sativa [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. However, quite a few studies were focused on CSAS in monocots such as Puccinellia tenuiflora , sorghum and rice [ 8 ].…”