Transcriptome alterations of field‐evolved resistance in Pectinophora gossypiella against Bt Bollgard II cotton in India

Abstract

Genetically engineered crops expressing insect control traits, especially the toxin encoding genes of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, have protected the crop plants for years. However, recent data from monitoring revealed 19 cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt crops worldwide (Tabashnik & Carrière, 2019). In India, the commercial cultivation of Bt cotton expressing Bt Cry1Ac (Bt Bollgard I) was introduced in 2002. However, widespread resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in the cotton pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella, emerged owing to the non-adoption of resistance management strategies by the farmers (Dhurua & Gujar, 2011). The situation demanded introduction of cotton hybrids expressing both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab toxins (Bt Bollgard II). Subsequently, the cultivation of Bt cotton in India increased to 10.4 million hectares by 2013 (>95% of the cotton area) (Fabrick et al., 2014; James, 2011). Soon after the introduction, PBW also developed field resistance to two Bt cotton hybrids containing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab which led to crop failure and severe yield loss in the country (

Diagnostic expression of the cotton pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Ace1 exposed to some insecticide by the real-time PCR

“…relation to other variables including sex, tissue type, and developmental stage was different. In general, the pink bollworm were reported in many searches of molecular biology, specially resistance to insecticides or to Bt toxins, as Agrawal, et al [45] study about 31,764 unique genes of assembled samples, found about 1,741 were differentially expressed and about 1,024 genes were down-regulated and 717 were up-regulated. Moreover, the metabolic resistance such as cytochrome P450, GST (Glutathion S-transferase) and carboxylesterase up regulated in resistant to Bacillus thuriengensis strains when compared with susceptible.…”