Transcriptome Analyses Revealed the Ultraviolet B Irradiation and Phytohormone Gibberellins Coordinately Promoted the Accumulation of Artemisinin in Artemisia Annua L.

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p><jats:bold>Background:</jats:bold> Artemisinin-based combination therapy has become the preferred approach for treating malaria and has successfully reduced malaria-related mortality. Currently, the main source of artemisinin is Artemisia annua L., and thus, it is of strategic importance to enhance artemisinin contents in <jats:italic>A. annua</jats:italic> plants. Phytohormones and illumination are known to be important external environmental factor that can have notable effects on the production of secondary metabolite. The activities of different hormones can be influenced to varying degrees by light, and thus light and hormones may jointly regulate various processes in plants. Here, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that ultraviolet B irradiation and phytohormone gibberellins coordinately promoted the accumulation of artemisinin in Artemisia annua.<jats:bold>Methods:</jats:bold> Artemisinin analysis was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS). RNA sequencing, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were applied to analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under ultraviolet B irradiation and gibberellins treatments. Weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) analyzed the genes in artemisinin‑related modules and identified candidate hub genes in these modules.<jats:bold>Results: </jats:bold>In this study, we found that cross-talk between UV-B and GA induced processes leading to modifications in artemisinin accumulation. A total of 14,762 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) among different treatments were identified by transcriptome analysis. UV-B and GA treatments enhanced the accumulation of artemisinin by up-regulating the expression of the key artemisinin biosynthesis genes ADS and CYP71AV1. According to the high degree value and high expression level, a total of 84 co-expressed transcription factors were identified. Among them, MYB and NAC TFs mainly involved in regulating the biosynthesis of artemisinin. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that GA+UV in blue modules was positively correlated with artemisinin synthesis, suggesting that the candidate hub genes in these modules should be up-regulated to enhance artemisinin synthesis in response to GA+UV treatment.<jats:bold>Conclusion:</jats:bold> Our study demonstrated the co-regulation of artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes under ultraviolet B irradiation and phytohormone gibberellins treatment. The co-expression was analysis revealed that the selected MYB and NAC TFs might have regulated the artemisinin biosynthesis gene expression with ADS and CYP71AV1 genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that GA+UV treatment in blue modules was positively correlated with artemisinin synthesis. We established the network to distinguish candidate hub genes in blue modules might be up-regulated to enhance artemisinin synthesis in response to GA+UV treatment.</jats:p>

Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches

“…GAs also have a positive regulatory effect on artemisinin content and yield. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis by Ma et al ( 2020 ) revealed that GA and UV-B irradiation coordinately promoted artemisinin accumulation in A. annua by up-regulating key biosynthetic genes like ADS and CYP71AV1. Co-overexpression analysis suggested that certain selected NAC and MYB transcription factors regulated the expression of these genes to enhance artemisinin production.…”

Full-Length Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Artemisia argyi

“…Transcriptome sequencing is currently the best technique available to analyze functional genes and gene expression patterns. In this respect, however, only small portions of Artemisia's chloroplast genome and transcriptome have been sequenced (Danova et al, 2012(Danova et al, , 2018Srivastava and Sangwan, 2012;Kim et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2020;Shahzadi et al, 2020), and only for A. annua has a draft nuclear genome sequence been fully reported (Shen et al, 2018). The advent of omics sequencing technology has promoted the rapid development of chloroplast genomics and genetics of medicinal plants, so for species whose genomic information is unavailable, highthroughput RNA sequencing and data analysis are powerful tools for mining genes with specific biological functions.…”