Transdermal estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in hormone replacement therapy are both antioxidants

Al, Tranquilli; Mazzanti, Laura; Cugini, A; Cester, N.; Garzett, G. G.; Romaninï, Carlo

doi:10.3109/09513599509160203

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Antioxidant effects of E2 on LDL in vivo [123,124] and in vitro [114,125,126,127] have been confirmed. Conversely, no effect [128] for E2 on antioxidants in vivo has been documented.…”

Section: Lipid Peroxidation In Postmenopausal Women and Other Low E2 mentioning

confidence: 87%

The Cardiovascular Effects of Chronic Hypoestrogenism in Amenorrhoeic Athletes

O’Donnell

Souza

2004

Sports Medicine

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In premenopausal women, the most severe menstrual dysfunction is amenorrhea and is associated with chronic hypoestrogenism. In postmenopausal women, the coincident hypoestrogenism observed is associated with a number of clinical sequelae related to cardiovascular health. Due to an observed cardioprotective effect of E2, persistently low E2 levels in amenorrheic (AM) athletes may confer deleterious effects on cardiovascular health.The incidence of amenorrhea among athletes is much greater than that observed among sedentary women. Recent data in AM athletes demonstrate impaired endothelial function, elevated low-and high-density lipoprotein levels, reduced circulating nitrates and nitrites, and increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. An improvement in endothelial function has also been reported during the recovery of menstrual cyclicity in a small sample of previously AM athletes. Although no longitudinal studies exist, these findings are suggestive of increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease in AM athletes. These issues are explored and discussed in detail in this comprehensive review paper. Future research should focus on the presentation and progression of these adverse cardiovascular parameters in physically active women and athletes with hypoestrogenism to determine their effect on long-term health outcomes.

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“…Antioxidant effects of E2 on LDL in vivo [123,124] and in vitro [114,125,126,127] have been confirmed. Conversely, no effect [128] for E2 on antioxidants in vivo has been documented.…”

Section: Lipid Peroxidation In Postmenopausal Women and Other Low E2 mentioning

confidence: 87%

The Cardiovascular Effects of Chronic Hypoestrogenism in Amenorrhoeic Athletes

O’Donnell

Souza

2004

Sports Medicine

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“…Hormone replacement therapy (estrogen plus progestin) increases breast cancer risk (138) and significantly decreases lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women (56)(57)(58). A significant reduction of peroxide level in platelet membranes from menopausal women was observed after oral medroxyprogesterone acetate administration.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer: Role Of Lipid Peroxidationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…During hormone replacement therapy, a similar reduction in lipid oxidation was observed at the peak of the estrogen effect and a further decrease with the administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Reduction of lipid peroxidation during hormone replacement therapy is not only due to estrogens but also depends on the combined action of sex steroids (57).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer: Role Of Lipid Peroxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c) Breast cancer risk is reduced by oophorectomy and menopause, conditions both associated with significant increases in lipid peroxidation (53)(54)(55). (d) Hormone replacement therapy (combined estrogen plus progestin) increases breast cancer risk and significantly decreases lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women (56)(57)(58). (e) Although tamoxifen has been found both to inhibit and to enhance oxidative stress markers, experimental evidence suggests that the pro-oxidant properties of tamoxifen may be the ones responsible for its anticancer effect predominantly in estrogen receptor (ER) -negative breast tumors (59-61).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer: Role Of Lipid Peroxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Epidemiology and Prevention of Breast Cancer

Gago‐Dominguez

Castelao

Pike

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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We have recently proposed a common mechanistic pathway by which obesity and hypertension lead to increased renal cell cancer risk. Our hypothesis posits lipid peroxidation, which is a principal mechanism in rodent renal carcinogenesis, as an intermediate step that leads to a final common pathway shared by numerous observed risks (including obesity, hypertension, smoking, oophorectomy/hysterectomy, parity, preeclampsia, diabetes, and analgesics) or protective factors (including oral contraceptive use and alcohol) for renal cell cancer [Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:287 -93]. During this exercise, we have noticed how certain risk factors for renal cell carcinoma are protective for breast cancer and how certain protective factors for renal cell carcinoma increase risk for breast cancer. Parity and oophorectomy, for example, are positively associated with renal cell carcinoma but are negatively associated with breast cancer. Similarly, obesity and hypertension are positively associated with renal cell carcinoma, but obesity is negatively associated with breast cancer in premenopausal women and hypertension during pregnancy is negatively associated with breast cancer. Furthermore, alcohol intake, negatively associated with renal cell carcinoma, is also positively associated with breast cancer. We propose here the possibility that lipid peroxidation may represent a protective mechanism in breast cancer. Although this runs counter to the conventional view that lipid peroxidation is a process that is harmful and carcinogenic, we present here the chemical and biological rationale, based on epidemiologic and biochemical data, which may deserve further consideration and investigation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(12):2829 -39)

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“…Although lipid peroxidation products generated by free radicals in postmenopausal women have been extensively investigated [4][5][6][7][8], there is no study concerning OPD. Indeed, damage to DNA and proteins may often be more important than damage to lipids in oxidative stress situations in vivo [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use Decreases Oxidative Protein Damage

Telci

Çakatay

Akhan

et al. 2002

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate oxidative protein damage (OPD) by investigating protein carbonyl (PCO) and nitrotyrosine (NT) levels, oxidative stress by total thiol (T-SH), erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Materials and Methods: To examine the influence of oxidative stress on OPD, we studied 12 postmenopausal women who had received HRT for 6 months, and 13 postmenopausal women who did not receive HRT, as the control group. All subjects were non-smokers. Blood samples were drawn in the fasting state and processed within 1 h of collection. For NT and NO, serum samples were stored at –70°C until analysis; all other parameters were determined on the same day of collection. Results: After 6 months, plasma PCO and T-SH levels were decreased, GSH and NO levels were increased, and NT levels were not changed in 12 postmenopausal women receiving HRT. Except the NT levels, the rest of the parameters did not significantly change in the control group. Interestingly, mean NT levels in the control group increased significantly. Conclusions: A crucial part of the protective effect of HRT on the cardiovascular system arises secondary to the interaction between estrogen and vessel wall. Our results suggest that an important component of the mechanism underlying this interaction may depend on estrogen’s antioxidant effect and its preventive role in OPD.

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Transdermal estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in hormone replacement therapy are both antioxidants

Cited by 47 publications

References 19 publications

The Cardiovascular Effects of Chronic Hypoestrogenism in Amenorrhoeic Athletes

The Cardiovascular Effects of Chronic Hypoestrogenism in Amenorrhoeic Athletes

Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Epidemiology and Prevention of Breast Cancer

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use Decreases Oxidative Protein Damage

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