Transferability of decompression wave speed measured by a small-diameter shock tube to full size pipelines and implications for determining required fracture propagation resistance

A study of the effects of friction, heat transfer, and stream impurities on the decompression behavior in CO2 pipelines

“…It is noteworthy that Botros et al 15 reported the opposite eff ect where wall friction was found to reduce the decompression wave velocity. However, it should be pointed out that in this study the converse eff ect is observed only aft er the decompression wave has passed the transducer location.…”

“…One such important factor which is receiving increasing attention 5,6 is the presence of impurities. [11][12][13][14] Based on shock tube experiments using diff erent surface roughness pipes, Botros et al 15 for example have recently shown that in the case of pressurized hydrocarbons, ignoring pipe friction may result in overestimating the decompression wave speed, with the eff ect becoming more signifi cant with increasing line pressure and reducing pipe diameter. 7,8 Th e impact of the latter on the decompression behavior of the CO 2 stream and the appropriate pipeline fracture toughness has been the subject of a number of studies.…”

“…9,10 However such studies ignore the impact of pipe wall heat transfer and friction on the fl uid decompression behavior. [11][12][13][14] Based on shock tube experiments using diff erent surface roughness pipes, Botros et al 15 for example have recently shown that in the case of pressurized hydrocarbons, ignoring pipe friction may result in overestimating the decompression wave speed, with the eff ect becoming more signifi cant with increasing line pressure and reducing pipe diameter. Th is is important since over-predicting the decompression wave speed results in underestimating the pipe toughness required to arrest a fracture.…”