Transformation process from phlogopite to vermiculite under hydrothermal conditions

Ma, Teng; Sun, Hongjuan; Peng, Tongjiang; Zhang, Qi

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2021.106094

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Partial transformation of phlogopite into Al-deficient vermiculite and enstatite was only observed in the DWSP of phlogopite-catalyzed HTL. Phlogopite conversion into vermiculite principally occurred due to the acid-catalyzed substitution of interlayer K + with the hydrated Mg 2+ or Na + cations, leading to structural expansion and modification from trioctahedral to dioctahedral . This mechanism may occur during HTL due to (1) adequate supply of acids derived from retro-aldol condensation of monosaccharides and lignin side-chain scission, and (2) the abundant supplies of Mg 2+ and Na + in the HTL-AP because of mineral dissolution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phlogopite conversion into vermiculite principally occurred due to the acid-catalyzed substitution of interlayer K + with the hydrated Mg 2+ or Na + cations, leading to structural expansion and modification from trioctahedral to dioctahedral. 94 This mechanism may occur during HTL due to (1) adequate supply of acids derived from retro-aldol condensation of monosaccharides and lignin side-chain scission, and (2) the abundant supplies of Mg 2+ and Na + in the HTL-AP because of mineral dissolution. Also, the presence of enstatite implied that the conversion of phlogopite-derived vermiculite into kaolinite and then mullite and cristobalite did not occur.…”

Section: Stability Of Clay Mineralmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactivity and Stability of Natural Clay Minerals with Various Phyllosilicate Structures as Catalysts for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Biomass Waste

Sudibyo

Cabrera

Widyaparaga

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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We evaluated natural clay minerals representing all classes of phyllosilicates as in situ catalysts for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of anaerobically digested cattle manure at 350 °C for 1 h, i.e., kaolinite, montmorillonite, talc, vermiculite, phlogopite, meixnerite, attapulgite, and alumina. The relative compositions of strong Bronsted (SBrA), strong Lewis (SLA), and weak Lewis acidic (WLA) sites and the strong (SBS) and weak (WBS) basic sites of clay minerals significantly affected the formation of HTL products (i.e., biocrude oil, hydrochar, and aqueous-and gas-phase coproducts) and the distribution and speciation of elements. The general mechanistic roles of these active sites are as follows: (1) SBrA catalyzed the biocrude-forming reactions and inhibited the hydrochar-repolymerizing reactions; (2) SLA promoted the production of hydrochar precursors; (3) WLA enhanced the hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodenitrogenation, and hydrodesulfurization of biocrude by utilizing the hydrogen generation catalyzed by WBS; and (4) SBS increased the production of organic acids solubilizing nutrients into the aqueous-phase coproduct (HTL-AP). Montmorillonite was the most suitable for the HTL catalyst due to the optimal composition of these active sites, leading to achieving maximal biocrude energy recovery (i.e., 82%) with low heteroatoms content (i.e., 15% O, 0.24% N, and 0.08% S), minimal hydrochar yield (i.e., 10%), and maximal nutrient yield in HTL-AP, i.e., 71% P, 54% Mg, 29% NH 3 -N, and 14% Ca. In addition, the crystalline structure of montmorillonite remained intact after the HTL process. This study informs comprehensive catalytic roles of different surface-active sites of clay minerals useful for future development of clay-based catalysts for more sustainable overall HTL systems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stability Of Clay Mineralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivity and Stability of Natural Clay Minerals with Various Phyllosilicate Structures as Catalysts for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Biomass Waste

Sudibyo

Cabrera

Widyaparaga

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Vermiculite is a clay mineral that expands upon heating [52,53]. It forms during the weathering or hydrothermal alteration of biotite or phlogopite [54]. Vermiculite is chemically inert, biologically stable, and non-combustible.…”

Section: Vermiculite Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interaction of these sorbents in diesel oil-contaminated soil was variable. Vermiculite, as a mineral with high sorption capacity [54,57], mitigated the adverse effects of the petroleum-derived product on the aboveground biomass. This could contribute to creating more favorable conditions for plant growth and influence the increased availability of nutrients.…”

Section: The Biomass Of Zea Mays and Its Energy Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Enzyme Response and Calorific Value of Zea mays Used for the Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Diesel Oil

Borowik,

Wyszkowska,

Zaborowska

et al. 2024

Energies

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Ensuring a stable and cost-effective energy supply is a major challenge for the International Energy Agency (IEA). Additionally, the effectiveness of vermiculite and dolomite in mitigating the adverse effects of diesel oil, a petroleum-derived product, on plant growth and development, and on the biochemical activity of the soil, were assessed. Therefore, an attempt was made in the study to determine the energy properties of Zea mays, which is suitable for cultivation in contaminated areas. For these purposes, several parameters were analyzed in its biomass, including calorific value (Q), heating value (Hv), energy yield (Yep), ash content, and the presence of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). Biochemical activity was measured through the evaluation of soil enzymes serving as indicators for the carbon (dehydrogenases, catalase, β-glucosidase), nitrogen (urease), sulfur (arylsulfatase), and phosphorus (acid and alkaline phosphatase) cycles. The plant greenness index was also determined. It has been demonstrated that diesel oil does not alter the calorific value of Zea mays biomass but significantly reduces the biomass quantity and destabilizes the biochemical properties of the soil. Zea mays contained an average of 6.84% ash, 49.88% C, 5.65% H, 0.17% S, 2.90% N, and 34.57% O. The calorific value of Zea mays ranged from 15.02 to 15.54 MJ kg−1 d.m. of plants, and the heating value ranged from 18.25 to 19.21 MJ kg−1 d.m. of plants. The biomass obtained from contaminated soil is recommended for energy purposes. The sorbents used—vermiculite and dolomite—proved to be less effective in the remediation of soil contaminated with diesel oil.

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Albitization related U and Th mobilization under reducing conditions

Gogoi,

Hazarika,

Upadhyay

et al. 2024

Geochemistry

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Transformation process from phlogopite to vermiculite under hydrothermal conditions

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Reactivity and Stability of Natural Clay Minerals with Various Phyllosilicate Structures as Catalysts for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Biomass Waste

Reactivity and Stability of Natural Clay Minerals with Various Phyllosilicate Structures as Catalysts for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Biomass Waste

Soil Enzyme Response and Calorific Value of Zea mays Used for the Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Diesel Oil

Albitization related U and Th mobilization under reducing conditions

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